知识讲解限制性定语从句

高考总复习：限制性定语从句编稿：陈玉莲 审稿：梁晓真题再现1. Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as salesA. which B. that C. when D. where2. Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.A. what B. in what C. which D. in which3. We live in an age _ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. whyB. whenC. to whomD. on which4. The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination. A. that B. which C. whose D. what5. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other. A. which B. where C. what D. who6. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of _ uses it somewhat differently. A. which B. what C. them D. those7. Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that1. D。“position”为先行词，后面是其定语从句，关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，因此，应该使用关系副词“where”来引导定语从句。因此，正确答案为D选项。2. D。process意为“过程”；分析从句结构，从句为完整的被动结构，in which(the process)作从句的状语。3. B。when引导定义从句，在从句中做时间状语，修饰先行词an age（时代）. 此处的when=at which。4. C。句意：该奖项将会颁发给其作品最具有想象力的作者。 先行词为the writer, 代入定语从句后为：The writers story shows the most imagination.，由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作story的定语，故答案为C项。5. A。句意：她具有给学生营造一种允许他们自由交流的氛围的天赋。分析句子结构可知，定语从句“_ allows them to communicate freely with each other”修饰先行词atmosphere，将先行词代入从句后为：The atmosphere allows them to communicate freely with each other，由此可知先行词在定语从句中作主语，而且指代物，所以需用关系代词which，故正确答案为A项。6. A。句意：英语是一种被几种不同文化共有的语言，每种文化使用英语多少有些不同。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为cultures，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Each of the cultures uses it somewhat differently，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，且of被提前，故答案为A项。what不能引导定语从句，故被排除；如选C项，需在each of前加并列连词。7. B。句意：那些不是很活跃，或者饮食中热量太高的孩子会很快长胖。先行词为children。or连接两个并列的定语从句，第一个定语从句的关系词为who，第二个关系词为考查点，先行词children在第二个定语从句中与从句中的主语diet形成所属关系：childrens diet，故选择B项。知识讲解定义及分类定语由一个句子来充当，那么这个句子就叫做定语从句。The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.其中划线部分为定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，此外还有间隔性定语从句。This is the school (that/which) we visited last year. （限制性定语从句）The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. （非限制性定语从句）The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.（间隔性定语从句）定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：（限制性）定语从句无逗号隔开、不可缺少、起修饰限制作用，而非限制性定语从句有逗号隔开、可有可无、起补充说明作用。构成：定语从句由先行词、关系词和从句构成。先行词是定语从句所修饰限制的名词或代词。关系词是用来引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词。The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.此句中先行词为：narrow streets and small houses,关系词为：that，定语从句为：that are built close to each other关系代词的选择限制性定语从句的关系代词有that（人、物），which（物），who(m)（人），whose（人、物），as。注：关系副词一般都可变为“介词+关系代词”结构（即：关系副词=介词+关系代词）。This is the mountain village where (=in which) I stayed last month.关系词的选择：在主句完整的情况下，当定语从句主语、宾语或表语成分不完整时，用关系代词引导；当定语从句主语、宾语或表语成分完整时，用关系副词引导。This is the school that we visited. (主宾表不完整)This is the school where we study. (主宾表完整)指人或物时，关系词只用that的情况。当先行词为不定代词（all、much, little, few, some, any, none, one, something, anything, everything等）或先行词被不定形容词（all, many, some, few, little等）修饰时。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that you are talking about?当先行词含有序数词或最高级时。This bus is the first that will go to Beijing.This is the best movie that I have ever seen.当先行词被only, very, next, last等修饰时。This is the very book that Im looking for.在who或which引导的特殊疑问句中。Which is the bike that you lost?当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。Zhengzhou is no longer the city that it used to be.指事或物时，关系词只用which的情况。引导非限制性定语从句时。He turned to be a very successful man, which was more than we expected.当“介词+关系代词”结构引导定语从句时。This is the question about which they have so much discussion in the past few weeks.当先行词为that时，关系词只用which且不可省略。The clock is that which tells the time.当关系代词后有插入成分时。Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, which, of course, made all the others upset.当句子中有两个定语从句时，避免关系词重复。They secretly built a factory which produced things that could produce pollution.as用于限制性定语从句的情况as常用于固定搭配中：the same. . . as，suchas，as/soas。He bought such a book as I have.（as作宾语）He is not the same man as he was.Beijing is such a city as everyone likes to visit.由whose引导的定语从句关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。 This is the boy whose parents died last year. （whose作定语，指人）注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”。 They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which) Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten. (= whose name)关系副词的用法when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year等。 I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。 This is the hotel where they are staying. I forget the house where the Smiths lived. 注：where有时也可以省略 This is the place (where) we met yesterday. why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。 That is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1. 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when = on (in, at, during.)+ which;where = in (at，on.)+which;why = for which. I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (=for which)we did it. 2. 当先行词是表时间的time，day等和表地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that；缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where。Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.3. when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。when 和where的特殊含义【链接高清课堂】有时先行词不是day, time, room, place等明确的表示时间、地点的名词，而是occasion, age, case, point, chair, business, situation, stage, condition等，定语从句也要用when, where来引导。例如：We are living in an age when many things are done on computer.If a shop has chairs where women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. the way后的定语从句 【链接高清课堂】The way in which he answered the question was surprising.The way that he answered the question was surprising.The way he answered the question was surprising.注意比较下面的句子：The way (that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.The way (that/ in which) he explained it to us was not difficult to understand.that，which，whom在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。 This is the book (which) you were looking for yesterday. I dont like the novel (that) you are reading.定语从句的主谓一致定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句的人称、数与先行词一致。如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.（先行词those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are）This is the magazine which was sent to me by post. （先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent）“介词+关系代词”结构 【链接高清课堂】1. 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配Do you like the book on which she spent $10? 2. 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im sure?3. 根据介词与先行词搭配1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.4. “动词+介词”构成的固定短语中的介词不可以提前Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better.先行词与介词的习惯搭配当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如aspect，respect，area，field等，用in which。当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如rate，price，speed等，用at which。当先行词表示“程度”时，如degree，extent等，用 to which。当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如grounds，foundation，basis等，用on which。两组易混结构的辨别1. the same.that与the same.as引导的定语从句在意义上的区别：前者修饰的名词与原物是同一个东西；而后者修饰的是与先行词同类型的另一样东西。 This is the same bag that I lost yesterday (同一个书包)This is the same bag as I lost yesterday (同类型的另一个)2. such/so.as.和such /so.that.结构不同，as引导定语从句，而that引导状语从句。 They talked in such simple English as children could understand (定语从句，as代替先行词simple English作understand的宾语。)He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke (结果状语从句，that引导的从句表示用力关窗导致的结果。)定语从句与其他从句的辨别定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句与同位语从句的区别主要是看连接词是否在从句中作成分，作成分的是定语从句，不作成分而只是表示前面名词的具体内容的则是同位语从句。He makes a promise that if he Call get the job，he will work hard to make as much money as he can for the company (that引导的同位语