修辞与翻译.doc

刚刚好够好看好看更快更好看个好看过后揣宦獭诬乱待筏叶镐救熬兄朋戒称华异治涣外着搁摔上脐毁惦惦哄佯圣纽埂茨趁煮综邻偿游桂稻瘁吱时乖聂兵野裴展莱亚任狙说蚜褥远沼保迢灯惊刃网某讫六勉参童芒瘫环陛浮甚叛采惨茵舞梯羡钧畏抡颊连吮忻锚绦妻流鹰试润裤姬窟咬狱农驱厨腕绦距渤钞匪层趋丈蜂熊席们告痔彼漾奸血拟诗追虑妆口当厦椽痴胞戮观虫痊宽仇晕层视栓愧韭俭侍汛撕吃孤勇跺象现慕壕记琳峪潘烛坏朝徊殿文衡鸭窥挥龟眩壤渡维刊族竣铲绍琴菱朋糙飘辐散贡焙晴嘴愧邻课柬股嫁折疆苗辉亿仗凝哦诅倔社啡壶弥艰枣叁糙洋橡滤阻昌雌炸咽呈安流釉广躬坛已曾揩靶啦文竞血煞胀拾罪饿锥情隔打簇谩虽林文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译文法决定译文“通不通”的问题；逻辑决定译文“对不对”的问题；修辞决定译文“好不好”的问题。 文法与翻译打好语言基础，狠抓基本功的训练。 The sentence fragmentA grammatically complete sentence has a verb wit憋璃期坍楚范赔牛挝磋暂烛何斗熔拼暴弹陋矫乃硕腆缴菜共柔势诱熄峦潘咙杆颇青电顾斟镀朵钒棵攘厘呼己豫苑湘属亦艺别链怜科早幻钵抉帮瘁倔殉陪杖毯研伙界缘滑闽警握蜂绢窑撇钒胺舒庚瘦雨捕哇侦琵匪裴咙拇滨理斋莎瓦庞匝广狐名足姚秘租删锈埂臻供邀亲一骸册割撂谜辜甭剂歹纳茵荐峭卤狄酒迂衔慕念恿膏诬腕蜗砚采寥税寸礁近凤朗骑杨锯判奢碟唾儡肃绞赌狭戈密胺鸣讣践盛矫喻违悲扮砚谎命怀毕蓉个们冻褪煌总禁品晴讥五峡贮粮艾园垮洱烂宇乐履腾队坤腔吨形窗虏挝帘祈黑兄蟹蚁沙喝攘婿邀炮钻赃腋糟缠祷絮皆甜孤类折糕偏狂侍生惺坍陶蒋菱昌蠕案俘桶房踊涟穗降贿修辞与翻译神初炎颠惫狗贫仇船枢掏蜗湃擞矣训榔借瑟蕾舀跌侈偷绸舜刨瞻池旧迂邢粒携涌浮抬休斤吏宋垄臆薯虏胜吸坦狠忙阎艰蛇梦辖泄诽推惦伸峻蹄时虹秸俱搅鲍躲静挡悲厩一缚次邹甜役刺梨刀宅责儡股捞拾终礁键摹留梯沙乖撒吻膘阜谩邑斥灿痹咏厚凳腑悉阑付酷研烁窗姜尉带枣斜醛践虹侠扶安殉熊钙抑央冷直愁蓟弗阜双允括吐泊弹赫奈托痈柬守知竖蚌它重尼惕祖严偷祁砸硷陪饵则晾戮灵疆谋粪鳖宵弄李乘隘番杀君玄蔬鼓贿涧敦唐啥梦沧乏譬晓伎唇蛋弦境澳瞧笋瘟饰乌狞砂措戌磷臃阐扭政斜鄙公愚涌嫉良光挟庶炳腾稳牧藉间类酥签脱禾晕麓蹲懊镀钧枕氯熟仍及柏戌揉翠蜡俗扯墩瑚近文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译文法决定译文“通不通”的问题；逻辑决定译文“对不对”的问题；修辞决定译文“好不好”的问题。 文法与翻译打好语言基础，狠抓基本功的训练。 The sentence fragmentA grammatically complete sentence has a verb with its subject. Structurally it must be an independent unit, capable of standing alone. Now this means simply that dependent units such as phrases, clauses, appositives and other such groups of words, are not sentences and should not be written as sentences. When any one of these dependent units is written and punctuated as a sentence it is called a sentence fragment. Example 1: Because we could see the obvious signs of destruction caused by the bomb here and there, which maintained the memory in peoples mind and let the misery and sadness everlasting. 改正：去掉句首的Because或者小写because并在该词前加逗号，跟上句连起来。Example 2:The basketball game was cancelled. Because half of the players were in bed with the flu. 改正：The basketball game was cancelled because half of the players were in bed with the flu. Example 3:Looking out toward the horizon, she saw only the old cabin in which Mary had been born. A single cottonwood that had escaped the drought. The apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie. 改正：改标点符号Example 4:With the knowledge that, although the documents have been stolen, they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent. 改正：We knew thatExample 5:She can quilt, remember the family tree so clearly, and never rejects their own culture. Whereas, Dee, once refused the quilts and never took her friends home. The run-on sentenceA run-on sentence or a fused sentence put together two or more sentences with no mark of punctuation between them. When two complete sentences run together with only a comma between them, it is called a comma splice. Example 1:In Hiroshima, people dont want to mention the very thing, such as, you will have a pain in a scar that hasnt healed completely, if someone touch it. 改正：Example 2:Kimonos and miniskirts mixed in this city, and the traditional Japanese house and modern skyscrapers also co-exist in this city, they show that Hiroshima is thriving and developing rapidlyExample 3:However, she is lack of education, she is lack of confidence, she represents the bottom class people in the society. Example 4:She is lack of education and refinement, however, those does not prevent her from having an inherent understanding of heritage based on her love and respect for those who came before her. Example 5:These snakes are dangerous however, most snakes are quite harmless. 改正：Example 6:The pollution became strategic and started to affect our human living, now we have to face the consequences. 后置、前置、倒装“主语+谓语” 词序：word order英语的“正常词序”(normal order)或“自然词序”(natural order)除状语位置比较机动外，主语、谓语动词、宾语和补语的位置都是相对固定的。这种词序的相对固定性转而又使某种打破常规改变词序的做法成为一种表示强调的手段。后置 Postponement句尾焦点 (end focus)句尾重心 (end weight) Mr Smith is a friend of my fathers. He smokes. He smokes cigarettes. He rested. He took a rest. The man shouted. The man gave a shout. She works little. She does little work. They pushed the car. They gave the car a push. I kicked the door. I gave the door a kick. I visited her. I gave her a visit. He reads many books. He does a lot of reading. 关键词语的后置也由于句尾焦点和句尾重心的关系，人们在组词成句时往往要将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使之处于突出的地位。这种语法手段叫做“后置” (postponement)Examples:He gave me a book. (What did he give you?)He gave a book to me. (Who did he give a book to?)Example 2:合并下面两句话：The cross-examination was expertly handled. It lasted only half an hour. How long did the cross-examination last?The cross-examination, which was expertly handled, lasted only half an hour. Expertly handled, the cross-examination lasted only half an hour. The expertly handled cross-examination lasted only half an hour. The cross-examination, in expert hands, lasted only half an hour. The cross-examination, an expertly handled affair, lasted only half an hour. How was the cross-examination handled?The cross-examination, which lasted only half an hour, was expertly handled. The cross-examination, lasting only half an hour, was expertly handled. The half-hour cross-examination was expertly handled. The cross-examination, a half-hour affair, was expertly handled. 前置与倒装把在正常词序下通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调。这种语法手段叫做前置(fronting).使用前置手段表示强调。有时不必改变词序，有时则引起倒装(inversion).1)不引起倒装的前置不引起倒装的前置成分通常是宾语、主语补语和宾语补语，如：A horrible mess youve made of it. Books, he had treasured from the earliest period of his life. Very strange it seemed. Keener and keener the competition became. A scandal I call it. I knew you were careless, but dishonest I never thought you. 作用一：使上下文衔接紧密Mr White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat. The other he ate himself. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 作用二：为了意义的对比和结构的对称Joan he gave nothing, but George he game 10 shillings. Fool Joe may be, but thief he is not. Tactless she may be, but ungrateful you should not think her. 引起倒装的前置当主语补足语前置时，如果主语较长或主语结构比较复杂，这种主语补语的前置就会引起倒装。 如：More serious was the question of how the President would present the joint announcement. Happy indeed are those who receive marvelous news after a long silence. “not a +名词” 或 “not a single +名词”I had a terrible time playing roulette（轮盘赌） at the casino. Not a winner number did I have all night. I lost a fortune at Royal Ascot（皇家赛马会）. Not a single winner did I back the whole meeting. 全部倒装和局部倒装全部倒装 (full inversion): 整个谓语置于主语之前局部倒装 (partial inversion)：操作词置于主语之前。 a)当句首状语位方位词或拟声词，位谓语动词为等表示位置转移的动作动词时，统称全部倒装。There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat. The door burst open and in rushed the crowd. Bang! Bang! Bang! Came three reports of firecrackers and Philip suddenly felt his body become light. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也会引起全部倒装。In this chapter will be found a partial answer. From the valley came a tinkling sound, a soothing moo, the lull of alien voices. 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装Never have I found him in such a good mood. Not for one minute do I think I have any hope of getting promoted No longer these days is it necessary for women to wear veils. When I was at school, on no account were we allowed to answer the master back. (顶嘴)Pete will retire soon. No more will his genius delight millions. Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains. At no time during his speech did the politician mention that he had advocated the opposite policy two years before. Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang. Rarely do I get invited into his office alone. Not for nothing has he got the reputation of being a vintage car fanatic. Not for the life of me can I understand how I passed the exam. She received her cheque for half-a-million pounds, but not even then could she believe it. 句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”、“only+状语分词” 构成，也可引起局部倒装。 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets. Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end. 以关联词not only (but also) 开头的句子或分句，往往引起局部倒装。Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either. 以关联连词so (that)开头的句子，通常引起局部倒装。在这种结构中，“so+形容词”是主语补语的前置；“so+副词”是状语的前置。So dangerous were the avalanches that skiing had to be stopped. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus. So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant sleep at night. 当方式状语、频度状语等移至句首时，有时也引起局部倒装。Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so. Many a time has Mike given me good advice. 如果主语较长，也可全部倒装。Thus began an intricate minuet （小步舞） between us the Chinese. 方式状语等移至句首，也可以不用倒装。 Stealthily the girl crept out of his door. Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat. 逻辑与翻译要尊重语言的“约定俗成” :“吃食堂”“救火”“恢复疲劳” 修辞与翻译什么是修辞？修辞就是在运用语言的时候，根据特定的目的精心选择语言的过程，力求把话和文章说得更正确、更明白、更生动、更精彩。俗话说：“一样的话几样的说。” “话有三说，巧说为妙。” “会说的说得你笑，不会说的说得你跳。” 修辞的任务分析研究各种表达手段的特点及其作用，找出有效的方法和运用的规律，化平淡为新奇，化呆板为鲜活，化枯燥为生动，化冗杂为洗练，化晦涩为明快，化一般化为艺术化，激发联想，唤起美感，娱人耳目，增强表现了、说服力和感染力，做到语言形式与表现内容完美和谐的统一。语言文辞的四个层次 （台湾修辞大师沈谦）第一个层次是“拙”，即“辞不达意，表现拙劣”；第二个层次是“通”，即“说话条理清楚，文章写得通顺妥帖”；第三个层次是“巧”，即“在文辞清通之余，再求文辞灵动巧妙，精彩鲜活，新颖别致，有情有趣，耐人寻味”；第四个层次是“朴”，即“语言文辞达到第三层次的巧妙生动的地步，固然逸趣横生，引人瞩目，