考研英语长难句语法阅读技巧总结.doc

长难句阅读正确分析定语从句关系词所指的先行词内容(1). The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎卞了根。(2) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 在欧洲，像其他地方一样，传媒集团越 来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志、出版社组合在一起。 (3) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.人类学是社会科学的各学科之一。 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支， 它力图像自然科学 家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。(4) Tylor defined culture as . that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits which are acquired by man as a member of society. 泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体， 它包括人作为社会成员获得的信仰、 艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”这种见解简单而深刻，为认识和理解人类 生活提供了一种全新的方法。(5) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice 不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的 “欧洲品牌绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性选择.（6）What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months?这里who引导的定语从句的先行词是man，从句与先行词被长长的分词短语coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family分开。比如，一个46岁的男子，在与家人外出度假之前进行常规体格检查时，尽管他自我感觉健康良好，但医生却发现他患有某种癌症，不超过6个月就将死去。这时，医生该怎么对他说呢？（7）Speech has to be trained and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the cues and signals in the childs crying, smiling, and responds to them.语言需要培养的，而这又需要母亲币孩子之间的互动作用，在这种互动过程中(where的翻译)，母亲可以从孩子的哭笑中捕捉到一些信息和信号，并且给予他们反馈。（8）We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.whose引导非限制性定语从句，在翻译时可以处理成一个原因状语从句。我们知道，由于猫的眼睛能够比人的眼睛吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜里也能够看得很清楚。(9). Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出T人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。(10). This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. (2002年阅读第三篇)这次近三倍的涨价唤起了人们对1973年油价暴涨的可怕记忆，当时油价涨了四倍，也唤起了人们对1979 1980年的可怕记忆，那时油价也涨了近三倍。前两次油价的暴涨都造成了两位数的通货膨胀率和全球性的经济衰退。熟悉分词结构的两大功能(1) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. （2000英译汉）这里现在分词arising修饰problems，作后置定语，与problems构成主动关系。problems arising from mass migration movements表示“大量人口流动造成的问题”。过去分词made修饰themselves，作后置定语，themselves构成被动关系，这里themselves指代mass migration movements由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会给社会造成新的压力。 (2) To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. Weve found that if youre in sleep deficit,performance suffers, says Dr. David. Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate. 现在分词requiring修饰tests，作后置定语，与tests构成主动关系，tests requiring them to add是说明这个刚试要求他们做什么。过去分词read后置修饰passage，与passage构成被动关系。为了测定睡眠不足带来的后果，研究人员让受试者接受一系列心理测试以及能力测试，包括做数字加法或回忆刚刚听过的文章。“我们发现如果睡眠不足，那么能力测试就会受到影响，”大卫医生说，“短期记忆能力会下降，决策力和集中力同样也会减弱。”(3) The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon, com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. (1999-2-4) 网络葡萄园、亚马逊和其他一些开拓者的事例显示： 出售合适商品并辅之以适当交流互动、热情周到和安全可靠服务的网站将会吸引网上顾客。 (4) This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. (2007-1-4) 这次试验的成功，以及后来证明记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使 Ericsson 得出结论：记忆行为更多地属于认知练习而不是直觉活动。(5) The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. (2001-1-2)在特别以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然非常明显，并且可以就英国的地质学发展得到证实。（6）Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. 许多人错误地认为毒品一词仅指某种药品或吸毒成瘾者使用的非法化学物质。分词作状语(1) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.在英文中，being done结构往往表示原因。这里being interested也不例外，作原因状语。由于沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，这使他逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。(2) In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet(1999年阅读第一篇)这里分词wearing作时间状语。修饰从句谓语was paralyzed; involving分词作定语，修饰lawsuit5月份，伊利诺伊州舒茨体育用品商店的总经理Julie Nimmons赢得了一场官司，这场官司与一位橄榄球员戴着舒茨头盔在比赛中受伤瘫痪的事故有关。(3) Im not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how Id go, because Ive watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.(1997年阅读第一篇)这里分词fighting和clawing作伴随状语，修饰动词die，表示在die的过程中，人们同时做出的一些动作。因为这里fight和claw与people是主动关系，所以用了现在分词。从精神角度来说，我并不惧怕死亡。但我惧怕的是如何走向死亡这个过程，因为我看到过病人在医院死亡之时因缺氧而抗争并抓住面革的情形。(4) Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When asserted that they do, she replied, Then I would have to say yes. Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.(2003年阅读第二篇)三个分词asked, assured, asked的逻样主语是:he，构成被动关系，所以都用了过去分词。这里作状语，表示时间，所以我们可以在分词前面加上时间连词，比如when assured当问到她是否反对接种时，她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此时，她回答道:“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种。”当问到瘟疚爆发怎么办时，她说:“不用担心，科学家将会用计算机找到一些解决问题的办法。”(5) Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,trying to anticipate every possible accident. (1999年阅读第一篇)这里feeling的逻辑主语是句子主语companies，两者构成主动关系，所以用现在分词。同样道理，trying的逻辑主语也是companies。这里feeling threatened作状语表示原因。第二个分词短语trying to.二作方式状语，修饰谓语responded由于面对这样的威胁，公司的反应是写出无比冗长的警告标签，以尽量预见所有可能的事故。 （6）Left, until now, to odd，low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss s agenda in businesses of every variety. (2007-4-1) 时间直到现在，信息保护一直留给临时的、底层的信息技术人员掌控，并且被认为是诸如金融、电信、航空等数据丰富的行业所独有的问题。信息保护现在处于各种商业老板的首要议事日程。 （7）But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. (2002-2-5) 伴随但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，并且 迅速排除 98%的不相干的物体，立 即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁 的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。（8）When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. (2000-1-1) 当美国在二战后进入一个辉煌的历史时期时，它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场， 这为其各种行业提供了前所未有的经济规模。 难句结构之并列平行结构在阅读英语难句时，对很多句子的误译是因为没有理清句子内部的并列关系。所以，当遇到像and,but, or这样的并列连词时，考生首先想到的应是搞清楚它们连接的并列成分是什么，如果并列关系搞错了，那么句子理解一定会出错。（1）Not getting enough sleep can harm year mood, memory, ability to learn and concentrate, and job performance, and shorten your life. It can even kill you and others if you fall asleep while driving or operating machinery.睡眠不足会破坏情绪、损害记忆、降低学习能力、分散注意力、彩响工作，更有甚者缩短你的寿命。如果你在开车或操作机器时睡着了，就可能害自己或他人的生命（2）Youngsters should also be wanted to never approach a dog they do not know or tease or play roughly with a dog, and to curl into a ball with their head covered an the ground if knocked down try a dog.还应该提醒青少年,不要接近不认识的狗，不要欺负狗，与狗玩耍时动作不要粗野；如果被狗扑倒在地，就把身体蜷成一团，抱头躺在地上。（3）Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. 遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到底想读些什么。（4）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 99英译汉所谓方法是指一般历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。（5）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of historic sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 99英译汉这里并列连词and后面的介词to可以给考生很好的提示，表明and引导的两个并列结 构是:to traditional historians和to social science historians.这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派:前者认为历史只是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论;后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 （6）The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes allows more women to take advantage of employment opportunity兼职工作和弹性工作这些工作方式的增多，以及培训、再培训计划的增加，使得更多妇女享有就业就会。(7) What is called modern civilization is not the result of a balanced development of all mans nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life.这里有not.but结构，提醒考生but后面的of结构是与of a balanced development并列，而不是和of all mans nature并列的。所谓“现代文明”并不是人的天性平衡发展的结果，而是累积的知识应用到实际生活中的结果。（8）Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. 遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到底想读些什么。难句结构之固定介词搭配以及of的语义结构关系 介词是英语里很重要的一个连词成句的纽带。因此在分析复杂句子结构时，要特别注意它的穿针引线作用。介词往往能够提供很好的线索来帮助理清句子结构。请看真题例句:(1) This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. 2001年阅读第四篇)这里有两个介词over，与名词。concern构成固定搭配，表示“对.担忧”。因此原句基本结构是:.concerns over A and over B。抓住了介词over，也有助于看清and连接的并列关系，而不至于误认为over the role, of national businessmen, over the ultimate stability这三者是并列关系。over A这个短语里有两个of短语并列:of smaller economic firms和of national businessmen。它们是跟在role后面的，可译成“小型企业、民族资本的作用”。这个现象造成人们对小型企业、民族资本的作用的严重忧虑，也造成了人们对世界经 济的最终稳定的忧虑。(2). Proper，scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. (1998-1-6) 针对大坝的影响和治水的耗资与收益进行合理科学的研究能有助于解决这些冲突。 (4) Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being. a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being has been Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats 人们对物种及其栖息地正加速丧失表示担忧，与此同时，人们越来越意识到生物多样性对于地球乃至我们人类健康的重要意义。 (3) Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. (1996年完形填空) 分析这个句子，关键要搞清楚for the normal growth与哪个词构成呼应搭配。它是与前面的necessary构成搭配，所以句子逻裤结构是:Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth.。其中necessary.for the normal growth.二是形容词短语后置修饰前边名词compounds。在necessary和for之间插入了两个介词短语in small amount:和in the diet，考生可以把它们提取出来翻译。维生素是一种有机化合物，尽管在饮食中含量很少，但却是所有动物(包括人类)正常生长和生命延续所必不可少的。(4) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more through internal quarrels among historians themselves. 99年英译汉人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。难句结构之指示代词指代考生在句子中遇到代词，一定要将其指代内容弄清楚，然后再着手理解句子的其他内容。很多时候，对一个句子的不理解，就是因为对其中的代词指代搞不清楚，云里雾里，最终导致句子误解。(1) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena. 大概这里不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。(2) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. (3) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理和工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。(4) To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years - even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 首先，今后的30年内，世界的食品供应日益紧张，甚至美国这里也不例外。到2001年美国人口将至少达到2亿5千万，也可能是2亿7千万。那时，美国将很难扩大食品生产来满足人口增长的需要。（74）这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能消费这种美国耕作方式继续下去了，而这种耕作方式可以投入少数农民就获得高产。（5）Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. 2004英译汉这个句子的难点是要明确its的指代内容。its与关系代词which指代内容应该是一样的，而which指linguistic determinism,所以its指的就足linguistic determinism整个短语意思是“语言决定论这个观点的极端形式或表述”。Wharf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。（6）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modem means of transport. 2000年英译汉代词themselves指代名词短语mass migration movements由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。（7）You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws, and according to these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起自己的理论（8）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标，监拉器就会使其停驶。（9）And it is imagined by many that the operations of the mind of the common people can be by no means compared with these processes of the scientists, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。（10）For example, when an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitors language and culture. (1997年阅读第二篇)比如，当一个美国人使用“朋友”一词时，这个词的文化内涵很可能与那些游客的语言里关于“朋友”一词的文化内涵不同。难句结构之分割结构 （1）By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. (1998年)与此相反，他们认为在此之前，从19650年到1750年的too年间，英国虽然还是一个完全的农业国家，却十分富裕和繁荣。（2） Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. (1996年完形填空) 分析这个句子，关键要搞清楚for the normal growth与哪个词构成呼应搭配。它是与前面的necessary构成搭配，所以句子逻裤结构是:Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth.。其中necessary.for the normal growth.二是形容词短语后置修饰前边名词compounds。在necessary和for之间插入了两个介词短语in small amount:和in the diet，考生可以把它们提取出来翻译。 维生素是一种有机化合物，尽管在饮食中含量很少，但却是所有动物(包括人类)正常生长和生命延续所必不可少的。（3） For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。（4）Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what Is Scientifically justified（5）There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a disjunction between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.正如财政部长罗伯特-鲁宾所说，商业界大量的神话说生产率大幅度提高了，但这与官方统计数字所显示的情况并不相吻合。（6）The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和工业增长带来的