英语说明文写作技巧.doc

英 语 说 明 文 写 作 技 巧说明文是用说明的表达方式来解说事物，阐明事理，目的在于使读者获得必要的信息，使人们对事物有个清晰完整的了解和认识。说明文的种类很多，主要有事物说明文和事理说明文。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。常见的说明文有：解说词、说明书、书文简介、科普小品、内容提要等，它们或者用来介绍人物，或者用来介绍事物，或者用来解释概念，或者用来解说论据。 说明文常用现在时，但有时也会用到过去时，将来时等其它时态。 说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：1.抓住事物的主要特征，从而使读者获得全面、深刻的认识。2.说明要层次分明，顺序合理。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。说明文常用的结构安排有下列三种：时间顺序；空间顺序；逻辑顺序。有时说明复杂的事物，常常将几种说明顺序结合运用。3.语言简明扼要，用词准确，数据可靠。因为说明文的写作目的，是对事物作有条理的、客观的、科学的介绍和解释。4.说明方法要多样。说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。常见的说明方法有：下定义举例子打比方作比较列数字分类别列图表等【说明文写作步骤】说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表，文体有报道、投稿、书信等。写作步骤如下：第一步：审题，确定主题句、主题时态(一般以现在时态为主)和中心人称；第二步：在主题句后按提示顺序将各个要点以完整的句子表达出来；第三步：用过渡词将上下文的逻辑关系体现出来。使用过渡性词必须根据上下文需要的原则，力求自然，决不可牵强附会，让人感觉别扭；第四步：归纳结尾，对文章的主题作归纳总结，往往与开头部分前后呼应，从而使文章的结构趋于完整。【常用句型】1.罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，Secondly，And finally，We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，Secondly，And finally，2.举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is等词语引出。3.比较法在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。4.定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：被定义对象+is+所属类别+限制性定语。可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.【常用连接词】表示时间：now, then, afterwards, soon, five minutes later,before long, shortly after表示顺序、动作过程：first, firstly, first of all, second, secondly, at first, at last, next表示结果：thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately表示解释和说明： that is to say, namely, for example, actually, and so on, such as, to tell you the truth, for this reason表示比较、对比： just like, just as, in the same way, more or less, sooner or later, on the contrary, on the other hand表示总结：finally, in conclusion, in a word, in general, generally speaking, in short, as you know, in the end1 人物介绍 简要地介绍某个人的情况，叫做人物介绍。随着社会的发展，人们对信息的输出和输入愈来愈重视。在学习、工作和生活中，常要介绍自己、推销自己或宣传他人，都要作人物介绍。写人物介绍，首先要全面了解这个人，然后根据目的的需要选写内容，简明扼要而突出重点地介绍，力求真实准确，恰如其分。 写人物介绍一般包括以下几点： 1） 出生年月 2）主要经历 3）事迹成就 4）影响、评价 叙述方法：一般按照时间顺序，从外形到性格，从一般经历到创造性的贡献，最后常有结论性的评语。 2 物体、地点介绍 当我们对某个事物的性质、状态、特点、成因、功能和用途等作介绍时，当我们把某一地点介绍给别人时，写出来的文字材料就叫做事物、地点介绍。 对于地点的介绍，常采用地点的空间方位作为介绍的顺序。它能把复杂的地理位置，通过分层说明，详尽而有条理地解说清楚明白，给读者一个具体的位置，清晰的印象。 根据说明地点的结构特点、介绍顺序一般有定位观察顺序和移位观察顺序。 1） 定位观察顺序 先确定一个固定的观察点，然后或上或下，或左或右，或远或近，按合理的顺序，从不同的方位、角度介绍说明的地点。 2） 移位观察顺序 一般按作者的浏览顺序，依次设立一个个观察点，逐步逐层对介绍的地点进行介绍。 【书面表达】范例1.假设你叫李明，你有一位英国网友名叫Tom，他听说过中国的故宫，但知之不多，于是给你发来了e-mail,请你向他介绍一下有关故宫的情况。请你根据下面提供的一些要点给他回一封100词左右的电子邮件：1.故宫(the Palace Museum)又叫紫禁城(the Forbidden City)。它于1407年开始修建，20万人花了14年的时间，于1420年建成。2.它所有的宫殿一共有9999个房间。在中国，9这个数字传统地被认为是吉祥的。3.现在，每周星期二，故宫免费向中国学生开放。4.故宫有着中国历史上5000多年的珍宝(precious treasure)。请他亲自来看一看。【参考范文】Dear Tom,It is nice to receive your e-mail. Now Id like to tell you something about the Palace Museum.Palace Museum is also called the Forbidden City. It took 200 000 workers more than 14 years to build it. The Forbidden City was finished in 1420.As the largest museum in the world, the Palace Museum holds cultural treasures from the past 5000 years of Chinese history. The Citys palaces have 9999 rooms altogether. Chinese people traditionally have thought of nine as a lucky number. Students from all over China can now visit it in groups free of charge every Tuesday. The museum is under reconstruction.I hope you can come to China and take a look at this museum with your own eyes.Best wishes.Yours,Li Ming2，请根据以下有关你的笔友Tom个人情况的介绍，以My Foreign Friend-Tom为题，写一篇介绍他的短文。 要求：1 要使用第三人称 2 至少80个词左右 3 所提供的信息必须全部使用 4 语句要通顺连贯 5 可以适当扩展。 Name: Tom Brown Age: 17 Address: 69 Park Road, New York, America Nationality(国籍): America Occupation(职业): student Favourite subjects: art, music, computer Weekday activities: swimming, walking, travelling Usual Saturday activities: having parties, shopping, taking photos Usual Sunday activity: watching TV 范文 My Foreign Friend-Tom Tom Brown is an American boy. He is 17 years old. He lives at 69 Park Road, New York with his parents. Tom is a student in No. 4 High School. On weekdays, he studies very hard. Art, music and computer are his favourite subjects. In his spare time, he likes doing sports. He usually goes swimming three times a week. Walking is usually what he does after supper. On Saturdays, he often has parties, goes shopping and takes photos. He likes making friends and they always enjoy themselves. After a week/s hard work, he likes staying at home and watching TV on Sundays. Every year he goes travelling to many countries. 3.经典范例 中国加入WTO 后，有一大批外国人来我市-河源参观。假设你是导游，请根据以下内容，向外宾简单介绍我市的情况。要求：1. 100 词左右； 2. 要点包括：a. 有悠久的历史，位于广东的东北部，离广州 198 公里，人口约 324 万。b. 有许多名胜古迹，如苏家围(Sujiawei)；万绿湖(WanluLake)等等；万绿湖是一个很美丽的地方，湖水清澈，无污染；湖中有各种各样的鱼；你可以到那里划船，野餐，钓鱼，是度假的好去处。你也可以去参观河源市博物馆，在那里你可以看到许多恐龙化石(fossil)。c. 祝大家在河源玩得愉快。Ladies and gentlemen， Welcome to Heyuan， now let me introduce our city Heyuan to you. _There are many places of interest in Heyuan, such as Sujiawei Wanlu Lake and so on. Wanlu Lake is a beautiful place. The water is clean and not polluted. There are all kinds of fish in it. You can go boating, go fishing and have a picnic there. It is really a good place to spend your holiday. Besides, you can go and visit Heyuan Museum. There you can see a lot of dinosaur egg fossils. I hope you can enjoy yourselves in Heyuan. Thank you. 4. A DogA dog is a kind of animal. It often lives with people at home. Its one of the pet animals.Many people like to keep a dog for pleasure because it is clever and it can understand them. People feed the dog and build a house for it. Dogs can do lots of things for people.In cities, people keep a dog not only for pleasure but also for safety. A dog can be a good guard.In the country, farmers like to keep dogs for pleasure too. Besides, some of the dogs can help farmers to look after animals, such as sheep and pigs.Dogs can be a great help to army soldiers and policemen. Dogs often do important work for them.So dogs are really our good friends, and we must take good care of them.5.请以“How to Protect our Eyes”为题写一篇100个词左右的短文，说明保护眼睛的重要性及其措施。要点可以包括以下内容：（1）用眼时间不要太长：（2）读书时，眼睛应该与书保持一定距离：（3）不要在光线昏暗或光线太强的地方看书，也不要在车上或躺在床上看书：（4）每天做眼保健操。 How to Protect Our Eyes“Eyes are windows of the soul” ,6假定你们班由同学捐赠建起一个小图书馆，为了更好地利用它，让它有助于同学们学习英语和其他各个学科，你作为班长，向全班宣布从明天开始可以借书，并做以下规定：（1）每次只借一本；（2）每本只能借一周，要及时归还；（3）要爱