Academic Writing (I)2011版英语学术论文

EnglishAcademicWritingWhatisacademicwriting Researchsuggestthatcomparedwithmanylanguages academictextsinEnglishtendtobemoreexplicitaboutstructureandpurposes tobelesstolerantofdigressions tobemorecautiousinmakingclaims andtousemoreconnectors Anacademicpaperisapublishedreportdescribingsomeoriginalresearcharesearcherhasdoneorhasinprogress Itmayalsobeaformal ofcertainlength andwell documentedpaper whichexplores discusses oranalysesacertainfactualortheoreticalquestion Asageneralrule anacademicpapercontainsfourdescriptiveparts background orintroduction method materials anddiscussion Thecreationofanacademicpapercanbedividedintoeightstagesasshownbelow1 Selectingatopicanddoingexploratoryreading2 Thesisproposal3 Exploring gatheringandanalysingdata4 Formulatingthesis5 Organizingdataandideas6 Writingthepaper7 Reviewingandrevising8 Finalizingthepaper PartOne OverviewofDissertationWriting1 activitiesatpre writingstage writingaresearchproposal selectingatopic conductingaliteraturereview choosingappropriatemethods formulatingthesisstatement writinganoutline 2 activitiesatwhile writingstage draftyourdissertation getdowntothetaskofactuallyputtingyourthoughtsandideasonpaper3 activitiesatpost writingstage evaluating revisingandeditingyourfirstdraft PartTwo Writingaresearchproposal theresearchproposal theinitialproposal thethesisproposal awrittenreportofyourresearchplanforthewritingofyourgraduationpaper Inplanningordesigningyourresearchpaperyouwillfinditnecessarytoanswerthefollowingquestions Whatisthegeneralareainwhichyouwishtoworkon Whatcourseshaveyoutaken orareyoutaking whicharerelevanttothisresearch Haveyouanyspecialistbackgroundknowledgeorexperienceinyourareaofinterestand ifso what Whatresearchquestionswillyourdegreepaperseektoanswer Whydoyouwanttodoresearchonthistopic Whatcontributionwillitmaketoourunderstandingoftheareaand orwhatpracticalusewillthefindingsbe andtowhom Canyouidentifyanyparticulargapsinyourknowledgewhereyouneedguidancefromyoursupervisor Whatdatadoyouneed Bywhatdatadoyouexpecttohavecollectedthem Brieflydescribeyourproposeddata gatheringanddata analysismethods Thesequestionsindicatethatyourresearchtopics researchquestions researchpurposesandresearchmethodsareimportantissuestotakeintoconsiderationbeforewritingtheactualpaper 本科毕业论文开题报告 SampleI 1 本课题的研究目的及意义1 1研究目的1 2研究意义2 已了解的本课题国内外研究现状2 1国外研究现状2 2国内研究现状3 本课题的研究内容4 本课题研究的研究方法 实施方案 进度安排 4 1研究方法4 2实施方案4 3进度安排5 已查阅的主要参考文献 本科毕业论文开题报告 SampleII 1 拟选题目2 选题依据及研究意义3 选题的研究现状4 拟研究的主要内容和思路5 研究的创新点及重 难点6 研究进程安排7 主要参考文献 本科毕业论文开题报告 SampleIII 1 论文题目2 论文选题理由和意义3 立论依据和主要参考文献目录4 研究计划Hereisachecklistforyourreference 1 TheresearchtopicWhatistheproblemorsubject Whatdoyouwanttoinvestigate 2 ResearchpurposesWhydoyouwanttoinvestigateit Ofwhatpracticalortheoreticalvalueistheresearch 3 ResearchMethodsHowdoyouplantodoyourresearch Whatanalyticaltoolswillyouuse Whatproceduresdoyouintendtofollow 4 MaterialsWhatresourcesdoyouplantouse Whatdatadoyouplantocollect 5 BibliographyorworkscitedIsalltheliteratureincludedwhichyouhavereadorplantoread Istheproperformatofreferencesused 2 1ChoosingatopicexamplesoftheresearchtopicsproposedbythepreviousEnglishmajorstudents 中英广告中的文化差异研究论小说 简爱 中主人公简爱的双重性格大学生英语学习动机以及影响动机因素的探究大学生情感因素对英语学习的影响中西文化差异对广告翻译的影响中西思维方式的对比研究以及对翻译的影响中学英语教材知识体系的对比分析 Goforit教材和PorjectEnglish教材文化差异对中美商务谈判的影响 新课程标准在初中英语教学实践中的执行情况调查中学英语任务型教学模式实施的现状调查中学生英语学习动机的激发及其培养 以沙洋中学为例高校专业课双语教学现状分析 以湖北大学生态学和国际市场营销双语教学为例 Topic1 英语教学诌议 应用语言学方向 Comments Thistopicistoobroad TherearemanysubfieldsinEnglishlanguageteaching ELT suchasEnglishteachinginthemiddleschool collegeEnglishteaching adultEnglishteaching theteachingofEnglishlistening speaking reading writingandsoon ThetitleisnotindicativeofwhichparticularfieldofELTyouaregoingtoworkon Thereisalackoffocusthere 中学英语教学中的情景教学 isabettertopicthantheoriginalonebecauseittargetsatonespecificaspectofEnglishteaching thatis situationalteaching anditdealswithEnglishteachinginthemiddleschool Thusthetopicisnarrowerandmuchmorefocusedaswell Topic2 论英语教学法 应用语言学方向 Comments Thisisanotherexampleofabroadtopic Thetopicistooambitious attemptingtocovertoomuch Asweknow Englishteachingmethodologyincludesmanymethods suchasgrammartranslationmethod directmethod totalphysicalresponse suggestopidea thesilentway thenaturalapproach communicativeapproach andtask basedteaching etc Onepapercannotdealwithallofthem What smore evenifyoufocusononeortwomethods youstillneedtobespecificaboutwhatyouaregoingtodowithit 任务型教学在初中大班英语教学中的应用 isausefultopicbecausethewriterresearchesonaparticularteachingmethod thetask basedteachingmethod andontheapplicationofittotheteachingoflargeclassesinjuniormiddleschools Thereaderseesclearlythatthepaperinvestigatesintotheuseofthetask basedteachingmethodtosolvetheprobleminEnglishteachinginlargeclassesinjuniormiddleschools Topic3 大学英语教师应具备的基本素质 应用语言学方向 Comments Thistopicsoundsquitesubjective Itsoundsasthoughthewriterwasgoingtoteachreadersabouttheessentialqualificationsforbeingauniversityteacherinsteadoftryingtofindandprovideevidencetoillustratethepoint Inacademicwritingtheuseofwordssuch should must oughtto etc shouldbeavoidedbecausetheysendthemessageofsubjectivitywhileacademicwritingaddressesfactualandobjectiveorientation 合格大学英语教师素质探讨 servesasamoresuitabletopicinthatitisresearchoriented Itcanbepredictedthatthewriteristoconductadiscussionorananalysisontheessentialqualificationsforbeingauniversityteacherbyfindingandprovidingevidencetosupporthis herarguments Topic4 翻译理论研究 翻译方向 Comments Thisisaverybroadtopicagain Therearemanytranslationtheories Isitpossibleforyoutostudyalloftheminoneresearchpaper Doyouhavetheknowledge expertiseandtimetodealwithit Practicallyspeaking youwillworkononeortwotheoriesastheoreticalbasisofyourresearchandillustrateyourpointswithsufficientexamplesfromvarioussources Thenyoumaydiscussthestrategiestobeusedintranslationbasedonthetheories 习语翻译的异化与归化 isamoreusefultopic Youcaninferfromthetitlethatthisresearchwillapplytwotranslationtheories foreignizationanddomestication tothetranslationofidioms Itwilldiscussthestrategiesusedintranslatingidiomsbyadoptingthesetwotheoriesrespectivelyaswellastheeffectofdoingsobyprovidingexamples Topic5 劳伦斯作品中的男权与女权之我见 文学方向 Comments Thistopicappearstoosubjectiveinthatthewriterputstheemphasisofhis herresearchonhis herpersonalopinionontheissue Itseemsthatthistopiccanbedevelopedsolelyfrompersonalexperienceandthereforedoesnotrequireresearch Oneoftheimportantcriteriaforacademicresearchistheneedtoseekforfactsandevidencesassupport Awell documentedpaperconvincesthereadermorestronglythanotherwise 论劳伦斯作品中的男权与女权 isabetterchoice ThistopicgivesthemessagethatthewriterisexploringtheissueofmuscularrightsandfemininerightsintheworksofD H Lawrence Itcanbeinferredthatthepaperwillappealtoauthoritiesandrefertoimportantsourcestoargueforitspositions Topic6 圣诞节 一个西方人的节日 跨文化研究 Comments Thistopicdoesnottellthereaderwhattheresearchcenterson ActuallyitcannotreflectanythingaboutChristmasthatthewriterintendstoexplore Thesub titleisinappropriatesinceitisauniversalfactanditdoesnotneedanyresearchtoprovethatitisawesternholiday So thisisaninappropriatetitlewithoutaclearresearchfocus Inotherwords itisnotaresearchorientedtopic 圣诞节的宗教意义的变迁 isanacceptableimprovementovertheprevioustitle FromthistitlethereadercanknowthatthestudyfocusesonthechangeofChristmasintermsofitsreligiousmeaning ItcanbeinferredthattherewillbeacomparisonbetweenthestrongreligiouscolourofChristmasinthepastandthelessreligiousandmorerecreationalmeaningofChristmasinthemoderntimes And ofcourse ananalysisofthereasonsforthechangeistobeexpected generalproblemsoftheEnglishmajorsinchoosingaresearchtopic Thetopicstendtobetoobroad Thetopicstendtobetoosubjective Insomecasesthetopicsaresimplynotresearchoriented Desirablefeaturesofatopic1 Yourtopicisinterestingtobothyouandyouraudience2 Yourtopicisbroadenoughtofindseveral diversereferences 3 Yourtopicisnarrowenoughtobecoveredintheavailablespaceandtime 4 Yourtopiclooksforgapsintheliteratureofyourchosenfield 5 Yourtopicisanareatobefurtherexplored andoftheoreticalorpracticalvalue examplesoftitletranslationofgraduationpapersbythepreviousEnglishmajorstudentsTitle1 中学英语教学中使用的趣味教学 应用语言学方向 OriginalTranslation OntheUsageofInterestingMethodsofTeachingEnglishintheMiddleSchoolImprovedversion OntheUseofEnglishTeachingMethodstoMotivateMiddleSchoolStudents Title2 对新高中英语教材的探讨 应用语言学方向 OriginalTranslation EvaluatingandAdaptingSeniorEnglishforChinaStudent sBook1A 2003 Improvedversion AnEvaluationoftheNewVersionofTextbookSeniorEnglishforChina Title3 论培养中学生英语学习的兴趣 应用语言学方向 OriginalTranslation OnInterestTrainingofMiddleSchoolStudentsinEnglishLearningImprovedversion OntheDevelopmentofMiddleSchoolStudents InterestinEnglishLearning Title4 国际商务谈判的策划与运作及其启示 商务英语方向 OriginalTranslation PlanningandConductingInternationalBusinessNegotiationsandtheInspirationImprovedversion ThePlanandConductionofInternationalBusinessNegotiationsandItsImplications Title5 简爱 中的人物塑造 英语文学方向 OriginalTranslation TheCharacterizationofJaneEyreImprovedversion TheCharacterizationinJaneEyre Title6 中西文化比较 中西方婚姻家庭观念的异同 跨文化研究 OriginalTranslation Sino WesternCulturalContrast TheSameandDifferentConceptionsofMarriageandFamilyinChinaandtheWestImprovedversion ComparisonandContrastbetweenChineseandWesternCulturesinConceptionsofMarriageandFamily Whentranslatingyourdissertationtitles payattentiontothechoiceofnounsandverbs theproperuseofpropositionsaswellascollocations theconcisenessofyourmeaning theemphasisofkeyconcepts theadoptionofformalandacademicexpressions Adviceonchoosingatopic1 Consultacourseoutlineorreadthecoursehandouts 2 Browsethroughpreviousdissertationsofpredecessorsinyourdepartmentlibrary universitylibraryor ifavailable intheinternet 3 LookthroughsomeforeignlanguageresearchjournalspublishedbothinChinaandabroad 4 Consultacatalogueinyourdepartmentlibraryoruniversitylibraryandlookunderspecifictopicareas 5 Skimthroughindexesforinformationaboutabookorapaper suchasthetitle author sname publicationyearandplace AnIndextoThesesAcceptedforHigherDegreesbyUniversities6 Discussareasofinterestwithyoursupervisor tutorandfellowstudents 2 2Choosingappropriateresearchmethodology examplesoftheresearchmethodsusedbyEnglishmajorsintheirgraduationpapersExample1 Topic TheApplicationofConstructivismtotheTeachingofCollegeEnglish AppliedLinguistics Researchmethods literatureanalysis qualitativeanalysis Comments Twothingsaretobepointedout Firstly thetwomethodsemployedareboththeory based TheauthortriedtofindwaystosolvetheproblemsincollegeEnglishteachingbysummarizingpreviousresearchesandbyrelyingontherelatedtheories However thereisalackofanypracticalevidencetosupporttheproposedsolutionsastherearenodatacollectedbytheauthorhimself herself Secondly accordingtothetopic theapplicationofthetheoryofconstructivismisthekeytotheresearch yettheauthoronlyfocusesonthetheoryaspect nottheapplication Example2 Topic AnInvestigationofVocabularyAcquisitionofChinesePrimaryStudents SecondLanguageAcquisitionStudies Researchmethods comprehensiveanalysisComments Therearetwoproblems Firstly thetitleindicatesthisistheauthor sstudy howeveritcanhardlyberegardedasastudysincetherearenodatafromtheauthor sownresearch Allthematerialsusedfortheresearchareotherpeople researchesonthetopic theauthoronlyanalysesthoseresearchesandmakesasummary Inthiscase itisonlyaliteraturereview Secondly itisinappropriatetotermtheresearchmethodcomprehensiveanalysis Itisliteraturerevieworliteraturestudy Example3 Topic OnCooperativeLearningintheTeachingofEnglishWritinginSeniorMiddleSchool AppliedLinguistics Researchmethods casestudyComments Theuseofcasestudywassuitabletoknowabouttheuseofcooperativelearningintheseniormiddleschool andunderstandhowthisteachingmethodworks However thedescriptionisover brief Theauthorhasmissedoutsomeimportantdetails He shedoesnottellwherethecasesarefrom infact theyaresimplysomeanecdotalevidencegainedthroughpersonalexperiences Thereisnoinvestigationinvolved Againthereisalackofharddatatoconvincereadersoftheissuebeingdiscussed Example4 Topic TheWildernessPlotinEmilyBronte sWutheringHeights EnglishLiterature Researchmethods qualitativeanalysis textanalysisComments Itisreasonabletoemployqualitativeanalysisandtextanalysismethodsindoingliteratureresearchofthiskind ButtheproblemisthattheauthorreliesonliteraturereviewofEmilyBronte sWutheringHeightsasthemainsourceofargumentation Bycomparingandanalyzingotherresearchers ideastheauthorfindsoutaconclusionforhis herownpaper Example5 Topic DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternWaysofThinkingandMiddleSchoolStudents EnglishWriting Cross culturalstudies Researchmethods comparativeanalysis questionnaireComments Judgingfromthetitletherearetwopartsintheresearch oneistostudythedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternwaysofthinking theotheristoanalysemiddleschoolstudents Englishwriting Indealingwiththefirstpart the authorcanusecomparativeanalysistodiscusstherepresentativefeaturesofbothChineseandWesternwaysofthinking andtofindoutthedifferences Inthesecondpart theauthoradoptsquestionnairesurveytofindouttheimpactofdifferentwaysofthinkingonmiddleschoolstudents writing However accordingtothewriter sdescription thereishardlyanymentionoftheconnectionbetweenthetwoparts Anotherproblemisbyusingquestionnairesurveytofindouttheimpactofdifferentwaysofthinkingonmiddleschoolstudents writingtheauthorcanonlygetsomegeneralimpressionoftheissue What smore theideasarederivedfromstudents introspection Asaresult theconclusionisnotonlyimpressionisticbutalsovague Example6 Topic TheCharacteristicsofBusinessEnglishandItsTranslation BusinessEnglish Translation Researchmethods interpretiveanalysisComments Itisappropriatetoadoptinterpretiveanalysisforthisstudy InordertoachievesuccessfultranslationofbusinessEnglishitisnecessarytoknowaboutthecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishaswellastherelevanttheoriesconcerningtranslation Itisequallyimportanttouseexamplestosupporttheargumentsorprinciples Buttheauthor insteadofcollectingexamplesofhis herown usesexamplesfromotherpeople sresearches Itisalwaysdesirableforstudentwriterstohavesomethingoriginalforyourresearch thatis byfindingoutdataofyourown Theresearchmaybeanalyzedqualitatively Twotypesofresearch empiricalandconceptualresearch empiricalresearchincludesbothquantitativeandqualitativeoneswhileconceptualresearchismainlyqualitative Quantitativeresearchprovidesdataforstatisticalanalysisinordertoexplore describeandexplainphenomenaunderinvestigationwhilequalitativeresearchdescribesthequalityoftheresearchobjecttofacilitateitsunderstanding Empiricalresearch1 investigationcarriedoutbytheresearchertoseekforevidencesinordertoanswertheexplicitresearchquestions2 researchmethodsofexperiments tests observations questionnaires interviews casestudy etc 3 collectdatarelevanttoanswertheresearchquestions4 Analyzedata whichconsistsofquantitativeanalysisandqualitativeanalysis 5 inmanycases quantitativeanalysisandqualitativeanalysisgotogether Theseanalyseswillleadtothefindingsoftheresearch Seeexamples1 2 3 Conceptualresearch1 summarizepreviousstudies2 reviewliteratureinagivenarea3 synthesizetheresearchtakenbyothers4 methodsthatarequalitativeinnature suchasexemplification textanalysis literaturestudy comparativeanalysis etc 5 isheuristicresearchwithoutexplicitresearchquestions insteadwiththethemeinmind6 toobserve summarizeandinterpretacertainphenomenoninordertounderstanditSeeexamples4 5 6 2 3Planningfordatacollectionanddataanalysistwogeneralmethodsofdatacollection datacollectedexperimentallyanddatacollectednon experimentally whattypeofdatatocollectdependsonthenatureofyourresearch thatis theresearcharea researchpurposesandresearchmethods Youmayconductanempiricalresearchoraconceptualresearchaccordingtoyourresearchdesign Dataanalysisreferstotheprocessofsifting organizing summarizing andsynthesizingthedatasoastoarriveattheresultsandconclusionsoftheresearch Inquantitativeresearchthedataareinnumericalform andtheanalysisalwaysutilizesstatistics Qualitativedataanalysisdealswithnon numericaldata usuallylinguisticunitsinoralorwrittenformortextsofsomesorts Stepsinanalysingqualitativedata 1 Thefirststepinanydataanalysisistoreviewyourdata whichoftenconsistofinterviewnotesortranscripts notesfromfieldobservation orwrittendocumentsandrecords 2 Makenotesasyoureviewthosedata Organizethedatawellsothattheyaremanageable 3 Codeyourdata Codingmeansidentifyingthemeswithinyourinterviewnotes documents orfieldobservationsthatrelatetotheresearchquestionsinyourstudy 4 Interpretyourdatabyattachingsignificancetothethemesandpatternsyou veobserved Writelistsofkeythemesandreviewthedataagain 5 Writeyourresearchreport writingisanotherwayofmakingsenseofthedatabysynthesizingandsummarizingthem Stepsinanalysingquantitativedata Makesureyourdataarecorrect Makelistsofdada producedescriptivestatistics Makegraphicsortablestoshowrelationship Calculatecoefficients Computesignificancelevel examplesofdatacollectionanddataanalysisbasedonthepreviousstudents dissertations Example1 Topic AStudyontheApplicationofCommunicativeApproachinJuniorMiddleSchoolEnglishClassDatacollected 1 Apre questionnaireonsubjects bothexperimentalclassandcontrolclass attitudestowardsEnglishlearningandapost questionnaireonsubjects theexperimentalclass reactiontowardscommunicativeapproacharefilledinandcollected 2 Apre testscoreofsubjects bothexperimentalclassandcontrolclass Englishproficiencyandapost testscoreofsubjects bothexperimentalclassandcontrolclass Englishachievementarecollected 3 Arecordoftheexperimentalteachingprocedureofcommunicativelanguageteachingiscollected Dataanalysis 1 Quantitativeanalysisofthequestionnaires eachiteminthequestionnairehasfourchoices accordingthesubjects choicesfiguresandnumbersarecalculatedanddiscussed 2 Quantitativeanalysisoftheresultsofthepre testofthetwoclasses theresultsofthepost testofthetwoclasses andacomparisonoftwoclassesinthepre testandthepost testaredonebyusingSPSSorExcel anddiscussionandfindingsareworkedout 3 Qualitativeanalysis adescriptionanddiscussionoftheexperimentalteachingprocedureofcommunicativelanguageteachingisprovided Example2 Topic SituationalTeachinginMiddleSchoolEnglishTeachingDatacollected 1 Classroomobservationnotesof6teachers situationalteaching