如何构建知识体系VIP

如何构建知识体系一、明确谓语与非谓语动词形式的行的区别（一）谓语动词表一（主动语态）一般式完成式进行式完成进行式write/writeshave/ has writtenam, is, are writingHave/has been writingwrotehad writtenwas/were writinghad been writingshall/will writeshall/will have writtenshall ,will be writingshall ,will have been writingshould /would writeshould/would have writtenwould, should be writingshould, wouldhave been writing表二（被动语态）式时一般式进行式完成式现在时amis seenareamis being seenarehasbeen seenhave过去时wasseenwerewasbeing seenwerehad been seen将来时shallseenwillshallhave been seenwill过去将来时shouldbe seenwould表三（非谓语动词）主动语态被动语态不定式一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing完成式to have writtento have been writtenVing一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written过去分词taken二、明确谓语动词的否定与谓语语动词否定的区别谓语动词非谓语动词He doesnt like maths. She isnt coming tomorrow. They havent done the experiment The engine wont start. You mustnt leave things every where. He didnt play basketball yesterday.Not knowing what to do, he turned to the teacher for help. He told me not to open the window. Not well designed, the bridge collapsed soon after it was completed. His not coming on time let me down.谓语动词借助于助动词+not来实现非谓语借助于not来实现三、明确主语与逻辑主语的区别主语逻辑主语The table is made in China.He cant jump that high.The taller of the two boys is absent.To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.What he said was right then.It is said that he will visit China.Its important for you to master a foreign language.It was careless of us to forget to lock the door.He told me to leave at once. He spoke in a loud voice to make himself heard.He offered to help us. His leaving is a great loss. Do you mind me(my)smoking here? I remember Wei Fang(Wei Fangs)going thereWalking in the street, he happened to meet Jane.The trees planted last year grow well.When I came to myself, I found myself lying in hospital.People there were all excited at the news.How about two of us going out for a walk?四、简单句的构成（一）简单句的构成（时间）+ 主语 + 谓语 + 状语（方式+地点+时间）Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.谓语-时态（过去、现在、将来）、语态（主动和被动）、语气（陈述、祈使、虚拟）（二）五个基本句型1、主系表结构连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下四种：1.变化类 表事物发展变化的过程，如go, come, become, turn, grow, get, fall 等。2. 感觉类 表人体部位的感受，如feel, smell, taste, look, sound等。 3. 状态类 表事物所处的状态，如keep, come, run, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove, turn out等。4. 外表特征类 表外表给人的印象，如appear, seem, look 等。连系动词的作用是后接形容词或相当于形容词的结构作表语。除了少数几个（如feel， get, become, grow等）外，不用于进行时态和被动结构。2、主谓结构不及物：He lived in Beijing last year. He is speaking in the room. Listen carefully! Would you go there? If I were you, I would go.3、主语+谓语+宾语及物动词：单宾语：此结构是由主语+谓语+宾语够成。其中的谓语动词须是及物的动词或及物的动词词组。宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。He is speaking English now. He saw a film yesterday. The desk is made in Beijing.4、主语+谓语+间宾（人）直宾（物）双宾语：间宾（人）直宾（物）此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）组成。如，He brings me cookies every day.She made me a beautiful dress.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for,如，He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,owe,hand, pass等。（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare,等。5、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语I considered him a good man, He asked me to leave. I found him lying on the ground.注意：感官动词有look at, see, watch, notice, observe, listen to, hear, feel, find, catch 等。表“致使”意义的动词称之为使役动词，如make, let, have, keep, leave, set, send 等。后接非谓语动词的不同形式作宾语补足语，表达不同的含义。后接不带to的不定式表示一个发生过或者还没发生具体的动作。 后接V-ing形式表正在进行的动作。 后接V-ed形式表被动意义。（三）谓语与非谓语的关系1、他躺在那里。 He lay there。2、他躺在那里望着天空。A.有连词。He lay there and looked into the sky. B没有连词He lay there, looking into the sky.The book written by him sells well.The fallen leaves have rotten.明确两种关系：1、与逻辑主语的关系（主动或被动关系）2、与谓语动词的关系（同时、之前、之后）例1 Dont sit there _ nothing. Come and help me with this table. 【06湖北-34】A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing例2Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday. 【06山东-33】A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost例3_ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. 【06四川-33】A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face五、并列句It rains. I will stay home.It rained. I stayed at home.It rained so /and I stayed at home.并列连词：and, or, but, so, for, when, while, neither nor, either or, not but,not only but also六、复合句Because it rained yesterday, I stayed at home.There are 50 students in our class. 30 of them are girls.There are 50 students in our class and 30 of them are girls.There are 50 students in our class, 30 of whom are girls.连词状语从句时间when, 1.当.时候whenever, every(each) time无论什么时候as, 当时候 一边一边since,自.开始till, until, 直到时候为止 not until 直到才before, after, 在之前/后as soon as, the moment, immediately, the day, the minute, the second 一就once,一旦no sooner than, hardly(scarcely) when 一就地点Where, 在地方（特指）wherever, everywhere 任何地方（泛指）条件if, unless, as(so) long as, 只要on condition that, 条件是in case, 万一if only，但愿 原因because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that, in view of the fact that(鉴于)让步though, although, while,虽然even if(though), 即使as,虽然（需倒装）whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter +wh词，尽管whether or, 要么要么 despite the fact that 尽管比较asas, not the same as, not soas, than方式as, the way 按照as if(though) 似乎，好像目的that, so that, in order that,for fear that, 恐怕结果so that, so that,太以致于 This is so interesting a book that I like to read it. such that, This is such an interesting book that I like to read it.定语从句关系代词which, as, that, whose, who, whom关系副词where, when, why名词性从句which, that, whose, who, whom, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, where, when, why, how, however四、独立主格It raining, I stayed at home.With the problems to settle, the boss felt worried.With the problems settled, the boss felt relaxed.With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a good time.A. settledB. settlingC. to settleD. being settledWith a lot of dishes to wash, I can not go with you.With a lot of dishes to be washed, the kitchen is out of order.后接V-ing形式动词类： appreciate, avoid, bear, consider, dislike, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, hate, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, postpone , resist, risk, cant stand, suggest 等。这些动词须接V-ing形式作宾语。后接不定式与V-ing形式意义不同动词类remember, try, regret, mean, forget, stop, go on, cant help等后接不定式与V-ing形式作宾语，表达含义不同。见下表：动词接动名词作宾语接不定式作宾语cant help禁不住做某事不能帮助做某事mean意味着做某事企图（打算）做某事regret对做过的事表示后悔对要做的事表示遗憾try尝试做某事努力做某事remember过去发生的动作将来的动作go on继续做未完成的事情做完一件事后，接着做另一件事forget忘记以前曾做过某事忘记做某事stop中断正在做的事情中断正在做的事去做别的事后接不定式动词类：afford, agree, choose, determine, expect, decide, learn, offer, manage, hope, want, wish, promise, refuse, fail, pretend, happen等动词，后跟不定式作宾语。含情感色彩的动词：这类动词有excite, inspire, encourage, interest, satisfy, delight, please, move, frighten, surprise, amaze, astonish, shock, worry, disappoint, discourage, exhaust, puzzle, tire, terrify等。情感动词后接指人的名词或代词作宾语，有V-ing和V-ed两种形式，在句中作宾语和表语，V-ing形式指事物，V-ed形式则指人。带介词to的动词短语类：这类短语有be (get) used to, lead to, devoteto, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, there is no end to等。当它们后面出现动词时，要用V-ing形式。dress, lose, hide, seat, call, name等动词，可以跟人作宾语还可以用于系表结构。need, require, want后接ing与不定式区别根据分别作主语、宾语、状语、定语、谓语的词可以把语法联系起来。所谓的中心就是以动词为核心，明确什么样的动词是谓语（即有正确的时态、语态和语气的动词形式就是谓语动词）。明确谓语和非谓语的关系，明确非谓语与其逻辑主语的关系。强调连词的功能。语法基本就串讲完了，做一个语法结构图，使他们的知识系统化。分析长句，是阅读的基本功、写句子是写作的基础，从而做到使语法为读写服务。练习：1. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. 2007 重庆卷A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished2. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _, he gladly accepted it. 2007 安徽卷 A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished3. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _at the end of last March. 2007 山东卷Ahas been launched Bhaving been launched Cbeing launched Dto be launched4.Its a long time since I saw my sister. _ her this weekend? 2007 全国卷I A. Why not visit B. why not to visit C. Why not visiting D. Why dont visit5. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _, and asked myself what I was going to do. 2007 湖南卷 A. moved B moving C. to move D. being moved6. Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _ his advice! 2007 安徽卷 A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking7. Mary, _ here - everybody else, stay where you are. 【06全国I卷35】A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming8. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom. 2007 全国卷IIA. opened and closedB. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close9. The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time. 2007 上海卷 A. to be completedB. having been completed C. completed D. being completed10. Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon. 2007 四川卷 Asaid Bsays Csaying Dto say11. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. 2007 辽宁卷A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break12. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _.2007 浙江卷 A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard13. that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her. 2007 陕西卷A.To have said B.Having said C.To say D.Saying14. _ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. 2007 浙江卷 A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven15. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. 2007 四川卷A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water16. the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly. ATo ensureBEnsuringCHaving ensured.DTo have ensured17. The last one _ pays the meal. Agreed! 2007 全国卷I A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving18. All the staff in our company are considering to the city centre for the fashion show. 2007 上海春Ato goBgoingCto have gone Dhaving gone19. My parents have always made me _ about myself, even when I was twelve. 2007 江苏卷 A. feeling wellB. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good20. Excuse me sir,where is Room 301? Just a minute.Ill have Bob _you to your room. 2007 北京卷A.show B.shows C. to show D. showing21. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English in a short period. 2007 福建卷A.improved B.improvingC.to improve D.improve22. There is nothing more I can try _ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. 2007 上海卷 A. being persuadedB. persuadingC. to be persuaded D. to persuade23. Please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop. 2007 山东卷 Ato seal Bto be seated Cseating Dseated24. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ to my new job. (00 N) A. expectedB. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects25. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures. 2007 江苏卷 A. interestedB. interestingC. interest D. to interest高考单项选择题的命题角度高考命题者常常利用熟悉的句型结构，或者一些固定搭配来制造干扰，让考生在非常神气的心情中快速地得出错误的答案。针对这种情况，我们不妨把它归纳为如下几种情况：一、利用倒叙的手法将本来正常的表述内容断开，将后半句提前。解题时可以考虑将题干抚正，或将后半句看作省略将其补齐。I dont think Ill need any money, but Ill bring some _.A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time二、利用思维定势干扰的手法In order not to be disturbed, I spent three hours _ in my study.A. locking B. lockedC. to lockD. to be locked三、利用答语省略-Nancy is not coming tonight!-But she_! A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised- He was nearly drowned once.- When was _?- It was in 1998 _ he was in middle schoolA. that, that B. that, when C. it, that D. it, when四、利用文化撞击：母语干扰型Ill come to see you if_.A. youre convenientB. it is convenient for youC. you feel convenientD. it is convenient with you五、插入隔离He ran as fast as he could _the bus.A. catch B. to catch C. catchingD. caughtJim plays football_, if not better than, Mike.A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as六、规则硬套型My friend Mary is _ beautiful girl， _ girl everyone likes to work with.A. a, a B. a, the C. the, a D. the, the七、词性的误用_ he was in Japan, he visited many places.A. During B. Since C. While D. InI was about to go out _ the telephone rang.A. when B. suddenly C. as soon as D. directly八、标点符号Mrs Lynn has two daughters_.()，as far as I remember，are both working in the US.A.whom B.and who C.who D.they（一）明确考点：一、高考英语热点动词归纳1、连系动词2、感官动词3、使役动词4、含情感色彩的动词5、后接不定式动词6、后接V-ing形式动词7、后接不定式与V-ing形式意义不同动词8、进行时态表将来意义动词9、主动形式表达被动词10、虚拟语气动词11、省略替代类12、否定转移类13、带介词to的动词短语类14、瞬间动词 15、计划未能实现类16、dress、seat类二、动词的时态与语态1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来等。2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态；主从句时态呼应问题。3、持续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。4、及物动词的被动语态。5、系动词的用法特点。6、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法。三、情态动词的考点1、 考查情态动词的基本用法2、考查情态动词can; could ; may; might; must; should; need 等表示判断及推测与时态3、考查情态动词表示是语气四、非谓语动词考点1、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别；2、现在分词与过去分词3、非谓语动词与不定式的区别把握一个核心；明确两种关系五、名词性从句与定语从句1、考查其关联词的区别2、考查主谓一致3、考查名词性从句的时态4、考查语序5、考查语气六、状语从句考点各种从属连词的含义及用法比较；状语从句的时态问题；状语从句的语序问题；状语从句的语气问题；状语从句与其它从句的区别。七、简单句与并列句1、 考查祈使句的用法：祈使句的构成；祈使句的反意问句；祈使句的回答；祈使句+and(or)+句子的用法。2、 反意疑问句：祈使句的反意问句；I think +宾语从句的反意问句；主从复合句的反意问句；表示判断的情态动词构成的反意疑问句。3、 并列句：考查并列连词的用法八、倒装句完全倒装、部分倒装九、名词考点名词主要考查名词的单、复数;可数与不可数名词的转换；名词作定语；名词的搭配;词语辨析；近几年高考主要考查名词词义的辨析从93年06年共计32组，06年全部是词义辨析。十、代词考点：人称代词：人称代词的指代问题，人称代词之主、宾格的替换，物主代词，反身代词；不定代词的用法比较：both, either, neither, all, any, none、some / any、one，that 和 it 、another / other / the other / others / the others、every 和each、few, little, a few, a little, a bit ; else 的用法； it 的用法： it作人称代词,代替前面提到的事物； it作形式宾语、形式主语； It is that.的强调句型；it指代时间,季节,距离。十一、形容词和副词形容词和副词的基本用法；形容词和副词的位置；形容词和副词的级别；常见形容词和副词的用法比较。十二、冠词考点：冠词的基本用法；冠词泛指、特指、类指于专指的区别；冠词的习惯用法；冠词的语序十三、介词考点：考查介词的基本用法；介词与动词、形容词、名词搭配；with 后接宾语与补足语。十四、主谓一致考点：语法一致原则：用and连接两个并列成分、介词、with 伴随主语、各种代词的主谓一致、短语和从句作主语、定语从句中的主谓一致；就近原则；意义一致原则。十五、交际用语考点交际用语命题的特点是灵活、短小、前后语连接紧凑。大于多呈现省略状态，而且语言场景突出。掌握好日常交际用语的41个项目是得分的关键。二、备考建议（1）把握考点、突破重点、远离偏、难、怪，基础和落实是关键（2）用好考纲词汇，突出重点词汇和高频词汇（尤其是活跃动词），强调语境用词注意一词多义 （重点）(cover, run, reach, play, stand, beat, spare)固定搭配 （常考动词15个：take, get, bring, ask, catch, put, come, give, keep, make, break, hold, look, go, turn）1.beof抽象名词2.the形容词副词比较级，the 形容词副词比较级3.not no never nothing 比较级4.比较级than any other 单数可数名词5.the比较级of6.as形容词原级（a an）名词as7.as形容词副词原级as，比较级than8.the same 名词as9.倍数比较级than，倍数as原级as，倍数the size heightlength weight width of10. no longernotany longer11. 形容词副词enough to do sth12. （much）tooto do sth13. where14. How soon15. There be16. In case17. keep preventstop sb（sth）from doing（being done）18. have keep make getdrive sendset leave sb（sth）宾补19have sthDone20make oneself done21used to do sth22warn sb（not）to do against doing sth23spend waste time in doing sth24cant help doing sth25sbwould（should）like（love）to do sth26Given27情态动词（not）have 过去分词28so that29suchthat30tilluntil31the first time32before33Itbe一段时间since从句34It is was the firstlastsecond third time 从句35As is known to all36no matter 特殊疑问词37What （aanadj）名词Howadjadv主语谓语38Itthat what whether howwhen主语从句或to do sth doing sth39think make find feelkeepit宾补40It is was 被强调部分that（who）41Only 副词介词短语状语从句42Never Little Not a Hardly In no time In no way In no case Seldom Scarcely Barely Rarely NowhereBy no means be 助动词情态动词主语谓语 43Soadjbe助动词情态动词主语 (倒装)44adjadvnasthough/ that 主语谓语45No soonerthan Hardly（Scarcely）when（before）46not onlybut（also）47Neither Nor be 助动词情态动词主语48Sobe助动词情态动词主语与So主语be助动词情态动词49do you think？ 50It is said reported thoughtbelieved announced that51This is speaking52do nothing but do sth./ cannot but do/ cannot help but do/ cannot choose but do./ have no choice but to do53d like to，d love to，be going to， mean to，ought to，try to，plan to，be glad to，be happy to54Im sorry，but55Why not 动词原形？56Do Would you mind？57How What about？58That It be adjof sbto do sth59prefer to do sthrather