2015118邵玫莹- 句子成分及基本结构

源于名校，成就所托句子成分 & 句型结构 & 句子种类A.句子的成分定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语句子成分可以由单词来担任， 也可以由词组，以及句子来担任。 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday .主语 谓语 定语 宾语 同位语 状语主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词）She went out in a hurry.（代词）Four plus four is eight.（数词）To see is to believe.（不定式）Smoking is bad for health.（动名词）The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he has said is true. （句子）找出下列句中的主语：1、The sun rises in the east. 2、Twenty years is a short time in history. 3、The poor are now living in the shelter. 4、Seeing is believing. 5、To see is to believe. 6、He likes dancing.7、What he needs is a book.8、It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.谓语：说明主语的动作、状态和特征简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词He can speak English well.She doesnt seem to like dancing.找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）1. We love China.2. We have finished reading this book.3. He can speak English.4. She seems tired.(三)宾语：动作的对象或承受者及物动词或介词的宾语Show your passport, please. （名词）She didnt say anything. （代词）How many do you want? - I want two. （数词）They sent the injured to hospital. （名词化的形容词）They asked to see my passport. （不定式）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）Did you write down what he said? （句子）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.He gave me some books. 间接 直接 宾语 宾语指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.找出下列句子的宾语部分：1. We often help him.2. He likes to play basketball.3. We enjoy listening to the music.4. She said that he felt sick.5. They are talking about the new student.（四）连系动词,其后面的成分叫作表语。The war was over.They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.Im not quite myself today.That remains a puzzle.I dont feel at ease. 找出下列句中的表语。1. I am a teacher.2. They are on the playground.3. My job is teaching English.4. It gets cold.5. It sounds interesting.常见的系动词有be 动词,还有get ,become, turn, grow 等表 “变得”的词, 和感观动词sound, look, smell, taste, feel等。(5） 定语: 修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句He is a clever boy.（形容词）His father works in a steel work.（名词）There are 54 students in our class.（数词）Do you known bettys sister?（名词所有格）He bought some sleeping pills.（动名词）There is a sleeping baby in bed.（现在分词）His spoken language is good.（过去分词）定语后置：如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示定语时，通常则后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?找出下列句子的定语。1. The black bike is mine.2. She is a chemistry teacher.3. The man in blue is my brother.4. The girl playing the piano is my younger sister.5. The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.（六）状语状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。I will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up late.He got up so late that I missed the train.I waited to see you.He often went to school by bus.His parents died, leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.He went to school in spite of his illness.找出下列句中的状语1. We often help him.2. I really dont like the food.3. He did his homework carefully at home.4. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.5. When I grow up, I am going to be a doctor.（七）宾语补足语定义：有些及物动词带了宾语后，还需要有一个补足成分用来说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份等，这样才能使句子完整，这个补足成分就叫做宾语补足语。宾语和宾补一起构成复合宾语。这类常用的及物动词有 ：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let. I found the book interesting.Do you smell something burning?He made himself known to them.She asked me to lend her a hand.找出下列句子的宾语补足语：1. They elected John monitor.2. We call him Iron Ox.3. The doctor told me to do more exercise.4. They made her happy.5. He is going to have his hair cut.6. They saw a bird flying in the sky.（八）同位语：位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old.（名词）He himself will do the experiment.（代词）句子成分意义充当成分例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语Both of us like English.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等She always keeps the house clean.B.五种简单句的基本结构 主语+系动词+表语(S+V.+P)主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)。主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O)主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)(S+Vt+sb+sth)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(S+Vt+O+O.C)主要有下面几种类型：1. Vt+宾语+名词 She found him a very clever boy.2. Vt+宾语+形容词 He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.3. Vt+宾语+副词或介词短语 To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.4. Vt+宾语+to do They asked me to go fishing.类似动词：tell, beg, force, wish, want, expect, advise, permit, order, persuade等5. Vt +宾语+doing/do/doneI saw you taking the key out of your pocket when I came in.I saw you take the key out of your pocket.= I saw the key taken out of your pocket.类似动词：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, have等C.句子的分类1按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.3什么样的句子是并列句呢？如果句子包含有两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构,就是并列句。并列句由并列连词连接两个或几个句子, 是对等关系, 没有主从关系。使用并列句时要特别注意连词的特性。1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only, but also, neithernor, then等连接。Think it over, and you will find a good idea.not onlybut also连接两个句子时，not only后面的句子要采用部分倒装。Not only is he interested in biology, but also his children begin to show interest in it.(不仅他对生物感兴趣，而且他的孩子们也开始感兴趣了。)2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise，or else等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.（快点，否则你就会错过火车的。）3、表示转折或对比关系时，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, nevertheless, while(而，然而)等。Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. (马丽是个好女孩，但是她有个缺点。)I like English while she likes Chinese.(我喜欢英语，而她喜欢汉语。)However 表示“然而，可是”之意，可放于句首，句中，或句尾，且与句子之间要用逗号隔开。He said it was so; he was mistaken, however. (他说是这样的，然而他是错误的。)4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, therefore, thus等, 但therefore 较为正式。August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（秋天是一年收割稻谷的时候，因此我从早忙到晚。）5、表示解释关系，常用的连词为for, 主要是对前面的句子加以解释或说明。Leaves are turning yellow, for it is now autumn.（树叶现在正变黄，因为是秋天到了。）注意:并列句有时不用连词，而用分号隔开，如：We fished all day; we didnt catch any fish.我们钓了一天的鱼，一条鱼也没钓着。二、判断下列句子是简单句还是并列句1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?3. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.4. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.5. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.6. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.课堂练习一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（s）、谓语（v）、宾语（o）：I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（adj）、状语（adv）、补语（c）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your par.课后作业分析下列句子分别属于五种简单句基本句型中的哪一种，并划出其主要的句子成分1. He fell in love. 2. Who cares? 3. The trouble is that they are short of money. 4. What he said does not matter. 5. They talked for half an hour. 6. The pen writes smoothly 7. They ate what was left over. 8. He brought you a dictionary. 9. His face turned red. 10. He said Good morning. 11. They found the house deserted. 12. What makes him think so? 13. He denies her nothing. 14. Everything looks different. 15. Our well has gone dry. 16. He is growing tall and strong. 17. I want to have a cup of tea. 18. I gave my car a wash. 19. He asked me to come back soon. 20. He showed me how to run the machine. 21. I told him that the bus was late. 22. He admits that he was mistaken. 23. I showed him my pictures. 24. We saw him out. 25. I saw them getting on the bus.拓展练习：判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：I hope you are very well（ ）. Im fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesnt often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. Its great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）.时态语态练习1. Im told that you are leaving for Beijing. Who _ so?A. saidB. had saidC. saysD. say 2. How long _ in this job? Since 1990.A. were you employedB. have you been employedC. have you employedD. will you be employed3. We will be losing money this year unless that new economic plan of yours _ miracle.A. worksB. is workingC. will be working D. worked4. The reporters exposed the corruption(腐败) of several senior officers in the government; consequently, these officers _ to resign from office.A. have asked B. were askedC. had asked D. had been asked 5. To help todays customers make a choice, a company in New York a video trolley asupermarket trolley with a video screen to display advertisement and price information.A. has invented B. had invented C. invents D. is inventing6. In the rainforest of the Amazon, 50 to 150 plant species every day.A. have been destroyed B. are destroying C. are being destroyed D. destroyed7. Earlier fears about the weather disappeared when the rain which had been forecast to appear.A. would fail B. fails C.failed D. has failed8. To our great joy, Professor Liu the special prize for his devotion to helping studentsfrom less developed areas.A. will award B. is awarded C. has been awarded D. has awarded9. Why did you leave that company? I _ a better position at IBM. A. offerB. offeredC. am offeredD. was offered10. The cause he had devoted himself to _ a perfect success.A. provingB. provedC. was provedD. has been proved11. My parents have promised to come to see me before I _ for Africa. A. have left B. leave C. left D. will leave 12. The driver _, according to the newspaper, to have been killed in the traffic accident. A. said B. was saying C. was said D. had been said13. If a computer crashes, you will lose the file you _unless you save it regularly. A. are working B. work C. will work D. worked14. Our monitor, who by then _ admission to Fudan University, decided to do some part-time jobs to gain more practical experience.A. gained B. was gaining C. has gained D. had gained15. Wife _ a big dinner when Husband was aware of their eighth wedding anniversary that day.A. was still preparingB. had hardly preparedC. did carefully prepareD. would eagerly prepare16. The prices of houses _ because the demand of them become more and more great.A. are risingB. riseC. had risenD. have been risen17. -Do you have any problems if you _ this job?-Well, Im thinking about the salaryA. offerB. will offerC. are offeredD. will b