2014 12月 上外考研初试真题 回忆_研究生入学考试_高等.doc

2014 上外考研真题翻译硕士英语100分1.完形填空（15*2=30分）The best escalator to opportunity in the US is education. But a new study underscores that the escalator is broken. We expect each generation to do better, but, currently, more young American men have less education (29%) than their parents than have more education (20%). Among young Americans whose parents didnt graduate from high school, only 5% make it through college themselves. In other rich countries, the figure is 23%. The US is devoting billions of dollars to compete with Russia militarily, but maybe we should try to compete educationally. Russia now has the largest percentage of adults with a university education of any industrialized countrya position once held by the US, although were plunging in that roster. These figures come from the annual survey of education from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD, and it should be a shock to Americans. A basic element of the American dream is equal access to education as the lubricant of social and economic mobility. But the American dream seems to have emigrated because many countries do better than the US in educational mobility, according to the OECD study. As recently as 2000, the US still ranked second in the share of the population with a college degree. Now we have dropped to fifth. Among 25-to-34-year-oldsa glimpse of how we will rank in the futurewe rank 12th, while once-impoverished South Korea tops the list. A new Pew survey finds that Americans consider the greatest threat to our country to be the growing gap between the rich and poor. Yet we have constructed an education system, dependent on local property taxes, that provides great schools for the rich kids in the suburbs who need the least help, and broken, dangerous schools for inner-city children who desperately need a helping hand. Too often, the USs education system amplifies not opportunity but inequality. My dad was a World War II refugee who fled Ukraine and Romania and eventually made his way to France. He spoke perfect French, and Paris would have been a natural place to settle. But he felt that France was stratified and would offer little opportunity to a penniless Eastern European refugee, or even to his children a generation later, so he set out for the US. He didnt speak English, but, on arrival in 1951, he bought a copy of the Sunday edition of The New York Times and began to teach himselfand then he worked his way through Reed College and the University of Chicago, earning a PhD and becoming a university professor. He rode the American dream to success; so did his only child. But while he was right in 1951 to bet on opportunity in the US rather than Europe, these days he would perhaps be wrong. Researchers find economic and educational mobility are now greater in Europe than in the US. Thats particularly sad because, as my Times colleague Eduardo Porter noted last month, egalitarian education used to be the USs strong suit. European countries excelled at first-rate education for the elites, but the US led the way in mass education.By the mid-1800s, most American states provided a free elementary education to the great majority of white children. In contrast, as late as 1870, only 2% of British 14-year-olds were in school. Then the US was the first major country, in the 1930s, in which a majority of children attended high school. By contrast, as late as 1957, only 9% of 17-year-olds in Britain were in school. Until the 1970s, we were pre-eminent in mass education, and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University argue powerfully that this was the secret to the USs economic rise. Then we blew it, and the latest OECD report underscores how the rest of the world is eclipsing us. In effect, the US has become 19th-century Britain: We provide superb education for elites, but we falter at mass education. In particular, we fail at early education. Across the OECD, an average of 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in education programmes. In the US, its 38%. In some quarters, theres a perception that American teachers are lazy. But the OECD report indicates that American teachers work far longer hours than their counterparts abroad. Yet American teachers earn 68% as much as the average American college-educated worker, while the OECD average is 88%. Fixing the education system is the civil rights challenge of our era. A starting point is to embrace an ethos that was born in the US but is now an expatriate: that we owe all children a fair start in life in the form of access to an education escalator. Lets fix the escalator.2.阅读理解1. why author s father went to America? 2. Before 1930s, educational mobility in america? 3. 19th-cebtury Britians education? 4. According to Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University what was the secret to the USs economic rise?5. How to fix the education system in America? 3.作文Would we be better off without religion? Why or why not?翻译基础1. 根据一篇英文写英文summary.（70分）内容是关于The Internet of everything