09.02.26.怎样将状语从句变为分词短语.doc

武陟一中西区高二年级英语组编写如何简化状语从句在复合句中,常常根据主句和从句的关系把复合句分为名词性从句、副词性从句(即通常所说的状语从句)及形容词性从句(即通常所说的定语从句)。就状语从句而言,有时为了使句子言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行“简化”。状语从句的“简化”现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考题中的复现率也较高,因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻地了解。状语从句的“简化”现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中：由if, unless, whether等引导的让步状语从句；由although, though, even if / though, wh-ever等引导的让步状语从句； 由when, while, as, before, after, until / till, once等引导的时间状语从句； 由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句； 由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对状语从句的“简化”现象归纳讲解。一、当状语从句的主语是it, 且谓语动词是be时,it和be可完全简化掉。例如：If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty. 如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。You must attend the meeting on time unless (it is) inconvenient to you. 除非情况对你不便,否则你必须出席这个会议。二、当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下情形：1. 连词+形容词As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike. 他小时候就学会了怎样骑自行车。Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping. 她有空就去购物。Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。2. 连词+名词While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others. 他在孩提时代,就乐于助人。3. 连词+不定式He stood up as if (he were) to say something. 他站起来好像要说点什么。He wouldnt solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge. 即使他来负责也解决不了这个问题。4. 连词+介词短语She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble. 她看上去很焦虑,就好像是遇到了麻烦。He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA. 他到美国之前就精通英语了。注意：若从句主语和主句主语不一致,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如：When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-place. 当会议结束时,所有的人都走出了会场。(=The meeting over, .)三.用分词简化状语从句当时间状语从句、原因状语从句和条件状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可将从句变为分词短语状语。原主句的主语成为分词的逻辑主语。改写方法如下：1.当从句的谓语动词是主动语态的一般时态或进行时态时，变从句为一般式的现在分词。例如：When she saw the jewels，she jumped with the joy.Seeing the jewels, she jumped with the joy. 2.从句的谓语部分是“be +形容词或名词”的系表结构时,变从句为“Being +表语”的现在分词短语。例如：As he was seriously ill，he went home.Being seriously ill， he went home.3.从句的谓语动词是被动语态的一般时态时，变从句为过去分词短语。例如：As they are led by the Party，the people have greatly improved their living condition.Led by the Party, the people have greatly improved their condition.4.从句的谓语部分是“be + 过去分词”的系表结构时，变从句为过去分词短语。例如：As he was filled with new ideas， the young man invented many kinds of modern machines.Filled with new ideas, the young man invented many kinds of modern machines.5.从句的谓语动词是完成时态, 变从句为完成式的现在分词短语.例如:As I have seen him before, I easily recognized him.Having seen him before, I easily recognized him.6.从句是after引导的, 谓语动词是一般时态,也变从句为完成式的现在分词短语。例如:After she lit a candle， she went out.Having lit a candle, she went out.7.从句是否定句时，把从句变成否定分词短语,即“not+分词短语”例如：As he didnt know what to do，he asked me for help.Not knowing what to do，he asked me for help.8.从句跟在主句后时,改写后的分词短语置以句首。例如：The park looks very beautiful when it is seen from the hill.Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.9.从句是名词作主语时, 应将这个名词调换到主句的主语位置。例如：As the factory was regarded as the best one in the city，it was given a medal.Regarded as the best one in the city，the factory was given a medal.10.如果由when或while引导的从句的时态是现在进行时，从句可变成“现在分词”，置以句首、句尾皆可。They waved again and again to us , when( while) they were leaving the airport. When(While)leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.11.if引导的条件状语从句, 谓语是一般时态,应用现在分词作条件状语.例如: If you listen to the expert，you will certainly succeed.Listening to the expert, you will certainly succeed. 12.练习 将下列的状语从句变成分词短语。1.When she arrived at the village, she saw several tractors working in the fields.When arriving at the village, she saw several tractors working in the fields.2.I learned a lot while I worked in the countryside.I learned a lot while working in the countryside.3.Since you are a Party member you should set an example to others.Being a Party member, you should set an example to others.4.The man threw off his coat because he felt too hot.Feeling too hot ,the man threw off his coat.5. When he entered the dining room, he saw his mother in a white clean overall. Entering the dining room, he saw his mother in a white clean overall. 如何用分词简化定语从句分词和分词短语在句中作定语或状语时，其功用相当于一个定语从句或状语从句，所以有时为了达到言简意赅的表达效果，可使用分词或其短语来简化一个较为复杂的定语从句。那么，我们又应如何用分词简化定语从句呢？我们首先观察分词在各种情况下的变化形式：现在分词的形式，以do 为例：主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词的形式，以do 为例，一律为done一、用分词简化定语从句 用分词简化定语从句的基本步骤为：先去掉关系代词或关系副词，再去掉定语从句的主语，最后将定语从句的谓语动词转化为分词的具体形式。从句转化为分词作定语或状语的关系如下表：主动语态被动语态一般式现在分词的一般式 过去分词 进行式现在分词的一般式 现在分词进行式的被动形式 完成式现在分词的完成式 过去分词或现在分词完成式的被动形式 1若定语从句的谓语动词是一般现在（过去）时和现在（过去）进行时，可简化为现在分词的一般式；若定语从句的谓语动词是现在（过去）进行时的被动语态，则可简化为现在分词的一般式的被动形式。如：Who is the comrade（that is） standing by the door？We live in a house facing（which faces）the southThe building（which is）being built will be a hospital2若定语从句的谓语动词是一般现在（过去）时的被动语态以及完成时的被动语态时，则可简化为过去分词。如：This is the factory（which was）built in 1980Theyre problems（which have been）left over by history化简句子的具体步骤1.观察主句和从句有无关系，是什么样的关系，然后，省略连词或关系代词（定语从句）；2.观察从句和主句的主语是否一致，一致可以省略，不一致则要保留；3.观察要改变的句子的主谓关系，主动关系，用v-ing形式改写，v-ing形式可以表示主动和进行，v-ed形式可以表示被动、完成和状态。简化中只留下核心动词；4.观察句子在变化中，是否还需要作其他的一致性方面的改写要求；5.如果简化的是定语从句一般不使用现在分词的完成式做后置定语；还原句子的具体步骤1.观察分词短语和主句之间所构成的句子意思，根据句意来确定逻辑上的关系，是时间关系，还是条件关系，或者其他；2.观察将要选择的非谓语动词与句子主语之间的逻辑关系，是主动还是被动；3.观察即将还原的句子的谓语动词，与主句在时间上的关系，如果在时间上是先于谓语动词发生用分词的完成式表示，如果是同时发生，或者时间不明确，或者晚于谓语动词发生，则用现在分词的一般式表示。4.观察即将还原的句子和主句谓语动词之间的逻辑关系是主动还是被动，如果是被动，还要考虑和主句谓语动词的先后关系，先于主句谓语动词时，用分词的被动式的完成式形式，如果动作同时发生，或者时间不明确，则用一般式。如何分析单项选择试题对于分词用法的考察(动词以do 为例)如果我们明确了句子是如何化简和还原的，那么，我们就明白了，单选试题他的命题特点，也就知道了如何利用化简和还原的方法，帮助我们正确的分析选择。单项选择的具体思路应该是： 1.首先，把某一个选项放到句子里，去理解整个句子的句意。通过句意的理解，去分析句子间的逻辑关系，句意是做题时要把握的首要信息；2.分析分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语是否一致，一致的情况下，考虑句子主语和所选动词的逻辑关系，如果是主动关系，选择现在分词的主动形式，也就是V-ing 形式。如果是被动关系，就要选择被动式V -ed形式；3.分析分词所表示的动作和句子谓语动词所表示动作在时间上的先后关系，如果分词表示的动作先于句子的谓语动词所发生的时间，要使用分词的完成式形式（having done），如果同时还是被动关系，要用现在分词的完成式的被动形式(having been done)；如果是同时，或者后于，或者是没有明确的时间关系，就要选用一般式(Doing)；如果是被动关系，选择(Done);4.通过观察，分词短语和句子之间是否有逗号，这是一个非常重要的信息。如果有了逗号，可以排除祈使句和并列句子的可能性。5。对句子成分进行划分，如果是并列的谓语，时态必须一致，同时形式为： 动词，动词and 动词。下面给出一些高考原题，供同学们学习分析。现在分词1、We often provide our children with toys,footballs or basketballs,that all children like these things.( 06全国17)A.thinking B.think C.to think D.thought解析：考查非谓语动词。因we与think 是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。答案：A2、The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket the desert.(06湖南21)A.covering B.covered C.cover D.to cover解析：考查非谓语动词。因blanket 和 cover 在逻辑上是主动关系，用现代分词作定语。答案：A.过去分词1、and happy ,Tony stood up and accepted and prize.(06全国32)A.Surprising B. Surprised C.Being surprised D.To be surprising解析：考查非谓语动词。因主语Tony与surprise（使吃惊）是被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语。答案：B.2、automatically the e-mail will be received by all the members.(06上海40)A.Mailed out B.Mailing out C.To be mailed out D.Having mailed out解析：考查非谓语动词。Mail out 与其逻辑主语email是动宾关系，即email与mail out是被动关系，所以应该用过去分词作状语。答案：A.分词作定语1、A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending,but the reader must not be left.(06天津7)A.unsatisfied B.unsatisfying C.to be unsatisfying D.being unsatisfied解析：考查非谓语动词，后一分句的意思是“但不能让读者感到不满意”，因此用unsatisfied作主语补足语。答案：A.2、Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure”award,a titleto ordinary people contributions to environmental protection.(06山东29)A.being given B.is given C.given D.was given解析：考查非谓语动词。若后面是个句子，两句之间缺连词，由此推断，后面不可能是句子，排除谓语动词的选项B和D；又由语境判断此非谓语动词的动词是没有时间性的，用过去分词作定语，排除A，因为现在分词的被动式表示“正在进行的动作”。答案：C.2008年英语高考单项填空2008连词28. Nancy enjoyed herself so much _ she visited her friends in Sydney last year. （2008福建C） A. that B. which C. when D. where34. You have no idea how she finished the relay race _ her foot wounded so much. （2008福建C） A. for B. when C. with D. while22. It was not until midnight they reached the camp site. （2008重庆A） A. that B. when C. while D. as32. The artist was born poor, poor he remained all his life. （2008重庆A） A. and B. or C. but D. so27. It is often said that the joy of traveling is _ in arriving at your destination _ in the journey itself. （2008江苏卷D） A. / butB. / orC. not orD. not but1. Well have a picnic in the park this Sunday _ it rains or its very cold. （2008天津卷C） A. since B. if C. unless D. until6. There were some chairs left over _ everyone had sat down. （2008四川卷A） A. when B. until C. that D. where12. In some places women are expected to earn money _ men work at home and raise their children. （2008四川卷B） A. but B. while C. because D. though22. He found it increasingly difficult to read, _his eyesight was beginning to fail（2008山东B）A. though B. for C. but D. so7. A small car is big enough for a family of three _ you need more space for baggage. （全国卷II D）A. once B. because C. if D. unless13. Stand over there _ youll be able to see the oil painting better. （全国卷II C）A. but B. till C. and D. or31. Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?I dont mind where we go _ theres sun, sea and beach. （2008全国卷1B）A. as it B. as long as C. now that D. in order26. Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street? -Victoria Street? _ is where the Grand Theatre is. (2008辽宁卷C)A. Such B. There C. That D. This22. My English teachers humor was _ make every student burst into laughter. （2008江西卷B）A. so as to B. such as to C. such that D. so that23. I thought wed be late for the concert, we ended up getting there ahead of time. (2008湖南卷A)A. but B. or C. so D. for33. _the Internet is of great help, I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it. (2008湖南卷B)A. If B. While C. Because D. As23. Did you return Freds call? I didnt need to _ Ill see him tomorrow. （2008北京卷D） A. though B. unless C. when D. because34. Im sorry youve been waiting so long, but itll still be some time _ Brian get back. （2008北京卷A）A. before B. since C. till D. after31. Do you have a minute? Ive got something to tell you. Ok, _ you make it short. （2008安徽卷C） A. now that B. if only C. so long as D. every time2008定语从句27. _ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.（2008福建B） A. It B. What C. As D. Which30. Who should be responsible for the accident? The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _.（2008福建A） A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told31. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. （2008福建D） A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which13. The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. (2008陕西卷D)A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands ofC. which the hands of D. the hands of which21. They will fly to Washington, they plan to stay for two or three days.（2008重庆A） A. where B. there C. which D. when24. The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. （2008江苏卷A） A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where8. It was along the Mississippi River _ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. （2008天津卷C） A. how B. which C. that D. where26. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with the kids. （2008山东D）A. who B. which C. why D. when16. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. （全国卷II C）A. it B. what C. which D. that20. It was in New Zealand _ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. （全国卷II A）A. that B. how C. which D. when34. Animals suffered at the hands of Man _ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural had to provide food for more people. （2008江西卷D）A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that 28. Ill give you y friends home address, I can be reached most evenings. （2008北京卷D） A. which B. when C. whom D. where26. All the neighbor admire this family. _the parents are treating their child like a friend. （2008安徽卷B） A. why B. where C. which D. that2008非谓语动词（保留高考原题号）22. _ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car. （2008福建C）A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having Waited D. To have waited33. Can those _ at the back of the classroom hear me? （2008福建C）No problem.A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat11. The message is very important, so it is supposed as soon as possible. (2008陕西卷B)A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sending14. around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. (2008陕西卷B)A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To show29. to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead（2008重庆D） A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed29. - They are quiet, arent they? - Yes. They are accustomed _ at meals. （2008江苏卷D）A. to talkB. to not talkC. to talkingD. to not talking34. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can. （2008江苏卷C） A. speakB. speakingC. spokenD. to speak4. _ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. （2008天津卷C） A. To throw B. Thrown C. Throwing D. Being thrown14. We had an anxious couple of weeks _ for the results of the experiment. （2008四川卷D） A. wait B. to be waiting C. waited D. waiting35. Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had made _ in the restaurant. （2008山东A）A. working B. work C. to work D. worked12. The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting. （全国卷IIC）A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up26. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good_.（2008全国卷1B）A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed27. He was busy writing a story, only _ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. (2008辽宁卷B)A. to stop B. stopping C. to have slopped D. having stopped31. Please remain_; the winner of the prize will be announced soon. (2008辽宁卷B)A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated28. We finished the run in less than half the time _.（2008江西卷C）A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows24. the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting. (2008湖南卷D)A. Having searched B. To search C. Searching D. Search26. The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road. (2008湖南卷B) A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D to blow down (2008湖南卷D)34. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home. (2008湖南卷A)A. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived24. _ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. （2008北京卷A） A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen31. Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. （2008北京卷A）A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding32. I feel greatly honored _ into their society. （2008北京卷C）A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed35. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and _ better ones of your own. （2008北京卷C）A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced30._ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmt