语法之一——三种从句.doc

1三种从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语） 各种关系代词的使用方法a) 关系代词who的用法i. who 的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词，如果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom:（介词+whom）This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics.She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party.（可以替代）She is the girl whom (who) I went there with.可以替代）She is the girl with whom I went there.（不可替代） ii. who，that在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用who:1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who.One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.The ones who flatter me dont please me.Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.2. 先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothesmade of the magic cloth.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.3. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions inChinese.4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用who.The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.5. 在there be 开头的句子中There is an old man who wants to see you.There are many young men who are against him. b) 关系代词whose 的用法 whose 是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于of which.I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.Ill call a person whose father knows you.Which is the car whose owner you know? (Which is the car the owner of whichyou know)Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book thecover of which is red) C. 关系代词that的用法首先特别注意，that只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用that, 另外介词后边也不可用that, 而是跟which.在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine. 有些情况下，只宜用that,而不宜用whichi. 先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词的时候This is the best that has been used against pollution.English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during theseyears.ii. 先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词的时候He is the last person (that) I want to see.It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. iii. 主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?iv. 先行词既有人又有物，宜用thatDo you know the things and persons that they are talking about?The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.v. 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing,none, the one等不定代词时You should hand in all that you have.We havent got much that we can offer you.I mean the one that you talked about just now.vi. 先行词前面Only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 等词修饰的时候The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.vii. 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.Edison built up a factory which producedthings that had never been seen before. d) 关系代词which的用法在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that.Beijing, which is the capital of China, is avery beautiful city.在限定性定语从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用which而不用that i. 关系代词前面有介词的时候This is the hotel in which you will stay. ii. 如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是that, 另一句宜用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. E) 关系代词和介词介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词短语只能用which代物，和用whom代人This is the hero of whom we are proud.I want to find the very pen with which I wrote that letter.当介词放在句子的末尾时，可用that/which代物，that/whom/who来作为介词的宾语，且这个做介词宾语的关系代词往往忽略This is the hero that (who/whom/忽略)we are proud of. F) 关系代词的省略首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略，非限定性定语从句绝对不能省略。 在下列情况下，可以省略关系代词。i. 当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.ii. 关系代词在从句中作介词，而介词在句尾时Here is the man (that) you have been looking for.iii. 关系代词在从句中作表语时Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.iv. 在there be句型中，和先行词为way时，关系代词总是省略There is an old man (who ) wants to see you.I dont like the way (that) you talk to somebody else. 定语从句注意事项 a) one of + 复数名词 +关系代词+复数型动词the (only) one of + 复数名词+关系代词+单数型动词The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.由关系代词as引导的定语从句 As 引导非限制性定语从句，例如： He is from Beijing, as you know. 在这里，as 引导的非限制性定语从句，相当于which引导的非限制性定语从句 He is from Beijing, which you know. as引导的非限制性定语与which 的区别:1. as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面,中间或后面，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。 As you know , he is from Beijing. AS 作主语时, 可用除BE 以外的其他系动词作谓语, 一般不用行为动词,WHICH 则可用各类动词作谓语. he didnt say anything at the meeting, as (which ) seemed strange. 3. as 后如果是被动语态, 被动语态中的be 动词可省略,which 后的be 动词同样情况下则不可以省略 Football and baseball, as played in the United States today, are basically modifications of games that originated in England. 关系副词引导的定语从句: 1) when (表示时间，在从句中作状语) Ill never forget the day when I saw the famous writer. October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. From the time when he was little, he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 2) where (表示地点，在从句中作状语) This is the room where he lives. This is the place where my mother was born. Is this the room where we were living last winter? 3) why(表示原因，常用在先行词reason后面，在从句中作状语) Do you know the reason why he was late? I dont know the reason why she looks unhappy today. The reason why he said that is quite clear.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 定语从句分限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句两种，限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语从句，如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，不用逗号分开，例如：Sheisthenursewholooksafterthechildren. 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果将这种定语从句省去，也不至于影响主句的意思，它和主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：Theletterisfrommybrother,whoisworkinginthefactory. 非限制性定语从句中,引导词一般不用 that. 真题演练 The physicist has made a discovery, _ of great importance to the progress of science and technology. (97-45) A I think which is B that I think is C which I think is D which I think it is 真题演练 45. Weve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, _should make great differences in our life next summer.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. they 50. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. 2000 A.whose B.as C.what D.that 52. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _ he was twenty years ago.2003 A.which B.that C.who D.whom 51. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _ is something we had not expected.2003 A.which B.it C.that D.what 50. I have never been to London, but that is the city_ 97 A where I like to visit most B Id most like to visit C which I like to visit mostly D where I d like most to visit 47. I have never been to Lhasa, but that is the city_ 99 A where I like to visit most B Id most like to visit C which I like to visit mostly D where I d like most to visit 43. Above the trees are the hills, _ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 2003 A.where B.of whose C.whose D.which 65. _ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. A. That B. It C. This D. As Only take such clothes_ really necessary. 94-61A as were B as they are C as they were D as are三种从句 让步状语从句的常考知识点 (1)as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如： Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes. Humble as it may be, there is no place like home. (2)while引导让步从句。如: Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldnt cheat under any circumstances. (3)复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如: Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited. For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldnt be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills. 条件状语从句的常考知识点 复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如： You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you dont mind taking the night train. Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test. In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. (如果) You can go swimming on condition that you dont go too far from the river bank. (如果) Suppose it rained, we would still go. (假如) Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如)时间状语从句的常考知识点 1. 名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用。如: I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?” Mercurys velocity is so much greater than the Earths that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one. 2. when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“ 当谈到 时” 。如： Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. 3. 副词directly, immediately, instantly, now 引导时间从句, 相当于as soon as 。如: The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm. 4. before 表示汉语的 “ 只有/ 必须 才能” 。如: New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted. 5. when 引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“ 这/ 那时突然” 。如： I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices. 原因状语从句的常考知识点 1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如: Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes. (2)now that表示 “既然” ; seeing that, considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如: Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once. He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them. Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I dont think you can stop her. 其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。 结果状语从句 sothat, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语从句 Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them. He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it. 真题演练 Fool _ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. 2002-48 A. who B. as C. that D. like _ I sympathize, I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties. 01-46 A. as long as B. as C. while D. even This is an illness that can result in total blindness _ left untreated. 00-42 A. after B. if C. since D. unless三种从句 名词性从句热点之一-同位语从句 (1)引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why, when, where, how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如： Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?(2002-44) A. by which B. that C. in where D. where (2)能接同位语从句的名词有:belief, fact, hope, idea, doubt, news, answer, decision, discovery, conclusion, evidence, rumor, suggestion, problem, order, question, explanation, impression, information, knowledge, law, message, opinion, possibility, principle, truth, promise, report, thought, statement, certainty, probability, likelihood, etc. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?(2002-44) A. by which B. that C. in where D. where (3