WH212减速机壳体加工工艺及夹具设计.doc

攀枝花学院机电工程学院毕业设计专用纸WH212减速机壳体加工工艺及夹具设计QQ:1013265100 专业代做机械类设计,尤其擅长零件加工工艺及其加工过程中所需夹具设计，并对钻床，磨床，铣床等专机设计有独到之处。本人常期从事机械行业设计、对机械产品加工、工序设计、工装夹具设计及专机设计等都有较高的造诣。现在工作之余为各企事业单位、大专院校的朋友提供强有力的帮助，并提供现成各类适合您需要的设计QQ:1013265100，如需详细资料可以与本人联系摘要： 本设计要求“以质量求发展，以效益求生存”，在保证零件加工质量的前提下，提高了生产率，降低了生产成本，是国内外现代机械加工工艺的主要发展方面方向之一。通过对WH212减速器箱体零件图的分析及结构形式的了解，从而对减速器进行工艺分析、工艺说明及加工过程的技术要求和精度分析。然后再对减速器箱体的底孔、轴承孔的加工进行夹具设计与精度和误差分析，该工艺与夹具设计结果能应用于生产要求。 Abstract This Paper requires that with quality beg development, with benefits seek to live on to store , under the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of element processing , have raised productivity and reduced production cost, is one of mainly direction of domestic and international modern machining technology developing. Through knowing and analysis the configuration of the casing part drawing for WH212 gear reducer, so as to analysis the process, make process explanation and analysis the technical requirement and the precision of gear reducer. Then, carry out the design of clamping apparatus and analysis the precision and error for the processing of bearing hole and the base hole of the casing of gear reducer, this technology and the design result of clamping apparatus can apply in production requirement.关键词： 减速器 加工工艺 定位 夹具设计Key phrase: gear reducer , processing technology , Fixed position ，Tongs design第一章WH212减速机机壳加工工艺第一节箱体的结构特点、材料、毛坯及热处理一 箱体的结构特点箱体是机器和部件的基础零件,由它将机器和部件中许多零件连接成一个整体,并使之保持正确的相互位置,彼此能协调地运动.常见的箱体零件有:各种形式的机床主轴箱.减速箱和变速箱等.各种箱体类零件由于功用不同,形状结构差别较大,但结构上也存在着相同的特点 :1.尺寸较大箱体通常是机器中最大的零件之一,它是其他零件的母体,如大型减速箱体长达56m,宽34m,重5060吨,正因为它是一个母体,所以它是机器整体的最大零件.2.形状复杂 其复杂程度取决于安装在箱体上的零件的数量及在空间的相互位置,为确保零件的载荷与作用力,尽量缩小体积.有时为了减少机械加工量或减轻零件的重量,而又要保证足够的刚度,常在铸造时减小壁的厚度,再在必要的地方加筋板.凸台.凸边等结构来满足工艺与力的要求.3.精度要求有若干个尺寸精度和相互位置精度要求很高的平面和孔，这些平面和孔的加工质量将直接影响机器的装配精度，使用性能和使用寿命。4有许多紧固螺钉定位箱孔。这些孔虽然没有什么特殊要求。但由于分分布在大型零件上，有时给加工带来很大的困难。由于箱体有以上共特点，故机械加工劳动量相当大，困难也相当大，例如减速箱体在镗孔时，要如何保证位置度问题，都是加工过程较困难的问题。二箱体的材料、毛坯及热处理1、毛坯种类的确定。常用毛坯种类有：铸件、锻件、焊件、冲压件。各种型材和工程塑料件等。在确定毛坯时，一般要综合考虑以下几个因素：（1）依据零件的材料及机械性能要求确定毛坯。例如，零件材料为铸铁，须用铸造毛坯；强度要求高而形状不太复杂的钢制品零件一般采用锻件。（2）依据零件的结构形状和外形尺寸确定毛坯，例如结构比较的零件采用铸件比锻件合理；结构简单的零件宜选用型材，锻件；大型轴类零件一般都采用锻件。（3）依据生产类型确定毛坯。大批大量生产中，应选用制造精度与生产率都比较高的毛坯制造方法。例如模锻、压力铸造等。单件小批生产则采用设备简单甚至用手工的毛坯制造方法，例如手工木模砂型铸造。（4）确定毛坯时既要考虑毛坯车间现有生产能力又要充分注意采用新工艺、新技术、新材料的可能性。3、其他加工其他主要连接孔、螺孔、销钉孔以及一些特别的凸台面等。轴承支承孔通常在镗床上镗削；加工连接孔、螺孔、销钉在钻床上进行，主要平面通常在龙门铣削，支承孔端面可以在镗孔同一次安装中加工出来。减速器箱体的机械加工过程取决于精度要求、批量大小、结构特点、尺寸重量、大小等因素。此处还应考虑车间的条件，中间有无热处理工序。 由图可知，减速器箱体整个加工工艺过程分为两大阶段，先对箱盖和机体分别进行加工，而后合箱对整体箱进行加工。第一阶段主要完成平面、紧固孔、油塞孔和油标的加工，为整体合箱做准备。第二阶段为合装好的箱体上加工轴承孔及其端面，第二阶段加工完成后，还应拆箱，为了保证轴承孔加工精度和拆装后的重复精度，应在两阶段之间安排钳工工序，钻铰二定位销孔，并打入定位销。三、零件图分析1.110-0.0250.01两轴孔的圆度公差0.01mm，圆柱度公差为0.01mm;2.上箱体结合面对E面的位置度公差为0.2mm;3.110的轴心线对C、D端面的垂直度公差为0.08mm，对另一轴心线的垂直度为0.046mm;1)粗加工阶段结束之后；2)重要的工序的前后；3)工件从一个车间转到另一个车间时；4)工件全部加工完毕后。 辅助工序还有去毛刺、清洗、涂防锈油、油漆等，应分别安排于工艺过程所需之处。减速器WH212机盖的工艺过程工序号工序名称工 序 内 容工艺装备1铸造2清砂清除浇注系统，冒孔，型砂，飞边，飞刺等3热处理人工时效处理4涂漆非加工面涂防锈漆 5粗铣、半精铣以结合面、主轴孔为定位基准，加紧工件，铣顶部平面与凸台，保证尺寸3mm专用铣床 6粗铣、半精铣以已加工的顶面及侧面做定位基准，装夹工件（专用工装），铣结合面，保证尺寸2100.036mm（注意周边尺寸）。留磨削余量0.250.30mm专用铣床7钻钻4-13mm孔,刮平4-28mm。钻4-11mm孔，刮平4-25mm.专用钻床8钻以结合面及主轴孔定位，钻、攻2-M8螺纹、锪，钻、攻2-M10x1螺纹，钻、攻5-M6深15螺纹专用钻床 9磨以顶面及一侧定位，装夹工件，磨结合面至图样尺寸2100.036mm专用磨床 10检验检查各部尺寸及精度减速器WH212机座的工艺过程工序号工序名称工 序 内 容工艺装备1铸造2清砂清除浇注系统，冒孔，型砂，飞边，飞刺等3热处理人工时效处理涂漆非加工面涂防锈漆粗铣、半精铣以底面及侧面定位，装夹工件。铣结合面，留磨削余量（注意尺寸14和30mm）专用铣床粗铣、半精铣以结合面及轴承孔定位，装夹工件铣底面。保证高度尺寸1600.036mm(工艺尺寸)专用铣床钻钻低面4-19mm孔,其中两个铰至19.50+0.01mm(工艺用)刮平36专用钻床钻以底面及销钉定位，钻4-11刮背面25，钻4-13刮背面28专用钻床钻以两个工艺孔及底面定位，加紧工件，钻、铰25mm测油孔，锪56mm深2mm.钻、攻3-M6深10mm，钻、攻2-M16x1.5底孔，刮平25mm专用钻床10磨以一面两孔定位，装夹工件。磨结合面保证尺寸1600.036mm专用磨床11钳工箱体底部用煤油做参漏试验12检查检查各部尺寸及精度减速器WH212箱体的工艺过程工序号工序名称工 序 内 容工艺装备 1钳将箱盖，箱体对准合箱，用4-M10,4-M12的螺栓，螺母紧固 2 钻铰2- 6mm，1：50锥，装入锥销专用钻床 3钳将箱盖，箱体做标记编号 4粗铣、半精铣以底面与两孔定位，按底面一边找正。夹紧工件，兼顾一面的加工尺寸，铣另一端面，保证尺寸230 专用铣床 5粗铣、半精铣以底面与两孔定位，按底面一边找正。夹紧工件，兼顾一面的加工尺寸，铣另一端面，保证尺寸285 专用铣床 6粗镗以底面定位，以加工过的端面找正，装夹工件，粗镗2-110轴承孔，留加工余量0.30.4mm。保证两轴中心线的垂直度公差0.3mm保证结合面与轴承孔的位置度公差为0.2mm专用镗床 7半精镗以底面定位，以加工过的端面找正，装夹工件，半精镗2-110轴承孔，留加工余量0.10.2mm。保证两轴中心线的垂直度公差0.3mm保证结合面与轴承孔的位置度公差为0.2mm 专用镗床 8精镗以底面定位，以加工过的端面找正，装夹工件，按结合面精确对刀（保证结合面与轴承孔的位置度公差为0.2mm）精镗2-110mm专用镗床 9钻用底面与两销钉定位用钻摸板钻、攻蜗杆轴承孔端面螺孔专用钻床 10钻钻、攻蜗轮轴承孔端面螺孔专用钻床 11钻用带有锥度的直径为120130mm的90度的钻锪钻锪轴承孔内边缘倒角4-1x45度专用钻床 12钳拆箱、清理飞边、毛刺13钳合箱、装锥销紧固 14检验检查个部尺寸及精度 15入库入库当加工两个面时钻13孔 L=30mm r/min当加工两组孔时t=钻孔放置时，在专用钻床上钻19 mm孔的钻前力和扭矩力均由重力与外力来承担，这时工件的夹紧可以有两种方案：（1） 在箱体的底面上，采用压板压紧，夹紧力与切削力处于平行状态。这种结构复杂，装卸工件比较麻烦。（2） 在箱体的底面上采用螺纹夹紧装置，加紧力与切削力平行，这种结构简单。装卸工件比较容易。三、切削力及夹紧力的计算刀具：麻花钻，dw=19mm,则F=9.8154.5 ap0.9af0.74ae1.0Zd0-1.0Fz (切削手册)查表得：d0=19mm,ae=195, af =0.2, ap =9.5mm, Fz =1.06所以：F=(9.80.20.74192201.06) 19=79401N查表可得，铣削水平分力，垂直分力，轴向力与圆周分力的比值：FL/ FE=0.8, FV / FE =0.6, FX / Fe =0.53故FL=0.8 FE =0.879401=63521N FV=0.6 FE=0.679401=47640N FX =0.53 FE=0.5379401=42082N在计算切削力时，必须考虑安全系数，安全系数 K=K1K2K3K4 式中：K1 基本安全系数，2.5 K2加工性质系数，1.1 K3刀具钝化系数，1.1 K2断续切削系数，1.1（1） 高。（2） 这种布置型式可用同一尺寸的后镗套而进行多工步加工。（3） 因无前导柱，故装卸工件更换刀具均叫方便。（4） 用于立镗时，无切削落入镗套之虑。2、当镗削的通孔或不通孔时，刀具虽然仍是悬挂式，但导柱直径d则应小于所镗孔经D.如果这时仍采用上述dD的方式，则在加工这种较长的孔时，刀具的悬伸长度h必然很大，起码应大于L.由于刀具悬伸长度大，所以刀具易引偏，严重时会使镗杆与镗套蹩住，否则须增加镗套长度，以保证足够的导引刚度。但这样将导致整个镗套部分的结构庞大。上述两种的单支承引导的镗杆与机床主轴作刚性联接，这样，要使镗套中心对准机床主轴中心，不容易做到很准确，而且还需要技术水平较高的工人能胜任。三、夹紧力大小的确定原则夹紧力大小对于确定夹紧装置的结构尺寸，保证夹紧可靠性等有很大影响。夹紧力过大易引起工件变形，影响加工精度。夹紧力过小则工件夹不紧，在加工过程中容易发生工件位移，从而破坏工件定位，也影响加工精度，甚至造成安全事故。由此可见夹紧力大小必须适当。计算夹紧力时，通常将夹具和工件看成一个刚性系统，然后根据工件受切削力、夹紧力（大工件还应考虑重力，运动的工件还需考虑惯性）后处于静力平衡条件，求出理论夹紧力，为了安全起见再乘以安全系数K。式中W计算出的理论夹紧力；W实际夹紧力；K安全系数，通常k=1.53.当用于粗加工时，k=2.53,用于精加工时k=1.52.这里应注意三个问题：（一）切削力在加工过程中往往方向、大小在变化，在计算机中应按最不利的加工条件下求得的切削力或切削合力计算。如图2-1所示切削方向进行静力平衡，求出理论夹紧力，再乘以安全系数即为实际夹紧力，图中W为夹紧力，N1、N1为镗孔各方向镗削力，可按切削原理中求切削力。而N1切削力将使夹紧力变大，在列静平衡方程式时，我们应按不利的加工条件下，即N1时求夹紧力。既（二）在分析受力时，往往可以列出不同的工件静平衡方程式。这时应选产生夹紧力最大的一个方程，然后求出所需的夹紧力。如图所示垂直方向平衡式为 W=1.5KN;水平方向可以列出：,f 为工件与定位件间的摩擦系数，一般0.15,即W=10KN；对o点取矩可得下式比较上面三种情况，选最大值，既W=10KN。图2-4定位装置为一面两销，第一个定位销的最大工作高度为 第二个定位销的最大高度为 式中d定位销直径；定位副最小间隙。为了装卸工件方便，可使削边销低于圆柱销35mm。结论：通过本次的毕业设计，使我能够对书本的知识做进一步的了解与学习，对资料的查询与合理的应用做了更深入的了解，本次进行工件的工艺路线分析、工艺卡的制定、工艺过程的分析、镗钻夹具的设计与分析，对我们在大学期间所学的课程进行了实际的应用与综合的学习。参 考 文 献1梁炳文主编，机械加工工艺与窍门精选，机械工业出版社。2周增文 张亮蜂等编著，机械加工工艺基础，中南大学出版社。3郑文虎编 ，机械加工实用经验，国防工业出版社。4李喜桥编 ，加工工艺学，北京航空航天大学出版社。5杨方主编 ，机械加工工艺基础，西北工业大学出版社。6陈宏均主编，实用机械加工工艺手册，机械工业出版社。7王绍俊主编，机械制造工艺设计手册，哈尔滨工业大学出版社。8王生力主编，重型机械制造工艺学，冶金工业出版社1986年。9谢明才等主编，机床夹具设计，机械工业出版社1980。10李庆寿主编，机床夹具设计，机械工业出版社1984。11李家宝主编，夹具设计，机械工业出版社1961。12贵州工学院机制工艺研究室编，机床夹具结构图，机械工业出版社1983。13龚定安 蔡建国编著，机床夹具设计原理，陕西科技出版社，1981年。14潘晓弘，机械制造工程，浙江大学出版社2001年。15刘文剑 曹天河编著，夹具工程师手册，黑龙江科学技术出版社1987年。16于骏一主编，典型零件制造工艺，机械工业出版社1989年。17成大先,王德夫,姜勇,等.机械设计手册M.北京:化学工业出版社,1993。18乐兑谦主编.金属切削刀具机械工业出版社，1985。致 谢 本毕业设计是在指导老师陈广陵教授和张彦博教授的指导下完成的，在我即将完成毕业设计之际，衷心感谢陈老师和张书记的悉心指导以及在生活上给予的关心和帮助。陈老师和张书记不仅以其渊博的学识、创造性的思维方式、严谨的治学风范、高度的责任感使作者在学术上受益匪浅、而且言传身教，以其高尚的人格和坦荡宽广的胸怀教导了我做人的道理。在此毕业设计完成之际，瑾向陈老师和张书记表示最衷心的感谢，并致以崇高的敬意！ 在课题的研究和设计过程中，得到了师兄的无私帮助，在此对他们表示衷心的感谢。在设计工作中，得到了机电工程学院有关领导和老师的帮助与支持，在此表示衷心的感谢。最后，深深地感谢父母和家人多年来的支持、理解和关心。 吴紫东 2005年6月10日 于攀枝花学院机电工程学院 Personal computer SystemsWhen you mention the word “technology”, most people think about computers. Virtually every facet of our lives has some computerized component. The appliances in our homes have microprocessors built into them, as do our televisions. Even our cars have a computer. But the computer that everyone thinks of first is typical the personal computer ,or PC. A PC is a general-purpose tool built around a microprocessor. It has lots of different parts-memory, a hard disk ,a modem ,etc.that work together. “General purpose” means that you can do many different things with a PC. You can use it to type documents, send e-mail, browse the Wed and play games.On the Inside Let us take a lood at athe main components of a typical desktop computer. Central processing unit(CPU)The microprocessor “brain” of the computer system is called central processing unit. Everything that a computer does is overseen by the CPU.MemoryThis is very fast storage used to hold data. It has to be fast because it connects directly to the microprocessor. There are sever specific types of memory in a computer: Random-access memory(RAM)Used to temporarily store information that the computer is currently worling withRead-only memory(ROM)A permanent type of memory storage used by the computer for important data that does not changeBasic input/output system(BIOS)A type of ROM that is used by the computer to establish basic communication when the computer is first turned on.CachingThe storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPUVirtual memorySpace on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as neededMotherboardThis is the main circuit board that all of the other internal components connect to. The CPU and memory are usually on the motherboard. Other system may be found directly on the motherboard or connected to it through a secondary connection. For example, a sound card can be built into the motherboard or connected though PCI.Power supplyAn electrical transformer regulates used by the computer .Hard diskThis is large-capacity permanent storing used to hold information such as programs and documents.Operating systemThis is the basic software that allows the user to interface with the computer.Integrated Drive Electronics(IDE)ControllerThis is the primary interface for the hard drive, CD-ROM and floppy disk drivePeripheral Component Interconnect(PCI) BusThe mostr common way to connect additional components to the computer, PCI uses a series of slots on the motherboard that PCI cards plug into .SCSIThe small computer system interface is a method of adding additional devices, such as hard drives or scanners, to the computer.AGPAccelerated Graphics Port is a very high-speed connection used by the graphics card to interface with the computer.Sound cardThis is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information and back again.Graphics cardThis translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor.Connections No matter how powerful the components inside your computer are ,you need a way to interact with them. This interaction is called input/output(I/O). The most common types of I/O in PCs areMonitorThe monitor is the primary device for displaying information from the computer.KeyboardThe keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the computer.MouseThe mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with the computerRemovable srorageRemovale storage devices allow you to add new information to your computer very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to a different locationFloppy diskThe most common form of removable storage , floppy disks are extremely inexpensive and easy to save information to .CD-ROMCD-ROM(compact disc, read-only momory) is a popular form of distribution of commercial software. Many sysrems mow offer CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW(rewritable), which can also record .Flash memoryBased on a type of ROM called electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage. Compact Flash, Smart Media and PCMCIA cards are all types of Flash memory. DVD-ROMDVDROM is similar to CD-ROM but is capable of holding much more informationPorts ParallelThis port is commonly used to connect a printer.SerialThis port is typically used to connect an external modem.Universal Serial Bus (UBS)Quickly becoming the most popular external connection, UBS ports offer power and versatility and are incredibly easy to use Fire-Wire(IEEE1394)Fire-Wire is a very popular method of connecting digital video devices, such as camcorders or digital cameras, to your computer. Internet/network connection ModemThis is the standard method of connecting to the InernetLocal area network(LAN) cardThis is used by many computers, particularly those in an Ethernet office network, to connected to each other.Cable modemSome people now use the cable-television system in their home to connect to the Internet Digital Subscriber Line(DSL) modemThis is a high-speed connection that works over a standard telephone lineVery high bit-rate DSL(VDSL) modemA newer variation of DSL, VDSL require that your phone line have fiber-optic cables.From Powerup to Shutdown Now that you are familiar with the parts of a PC, let us see what happens in a typical computer session, from the moment you turn the computer on until you shut it down.You press the “On” button the computer and the monitor.You see the BIOS software doing its thing , called the power self-test(POTS).On many machines, the BIOS displays text describing such data as the amount of memory installed in your computer and the type of hard disk you have .During this boot sequence, the BIOS does a remarkable amount of work to get your computer ready to run.The BIOS determines whether the video card is operational. Most video cards have a miniature BIOS of their own that initializes the memory and graphics processor on the card. If they do not ,there is usually video-driver information on the another ROM on the motherboard that the BIOS can load The BIOS checks to see if this is a cold boot or a reboot. It does this by checking the value at memory address0000:0472.A value of 1234h indicates a reboot, in which case the BIOS skips for the rest of POST. Any other value is considered a cold boot If it is a cold boot , the BIOS verifies RAM by performing a read/write rest of each memory address, it checks for a keyboard and a mouse. It looks for a PCI bus and , if it finds one , checks all the PCI cards . If the BIOS finds any errors during the POTS, it notifies you with a series of beeps or a text message dosplayed in the screen. AN error at this point is almost a hardware problem.The BIOS looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the COMS Setup. “Boot” is short for “bootstrap”, as in the old phrase “Lift yourself up by your bootstraps.” Boot refers to the process of launching the operating system. The BIOS tries to initiate the boot sequence from the first device using the bootstrap loader.The bootstrap loader loads the operating system into memory and allows it to begin system, user information and applications. The bootstrap loader then establishes the data structures that are used to communicate within and between the sub-system and application of the computer .Finally, it turns control of the computer over to the operating system.Once loaded , the operating systems tasks fall into six broad categories:l processor managementbreaking the tasks down into manageable chunks and priotitizing them before sending to the CPU.l Memory managementcoordinating the flow of data in and out of RAM and determining when virtual memory is necessary.l Device management-providing an interface between each divice connected to the computer,the CPU and applicationsl Storage managementDirecting where data will be stored permanently on hard drives and other forms of storage .l Application interface-Providing a standard communications and data exchange between software programsand the computer.l User Interface-providing a way for you to communicate and interact with the computer.When you choose the “shut down”option, the opreating system closes all programs that are currently active. If a program has usaved information,you are given an opportunity to save it before closing the program.The operating system writes its current settings to a special configuration file so that it will boot up next time with the same settings. If the computer provides software control of power, then the operating system will completely turn off the computer when it finishes its own shut down cycle. Otherwise, you will have to manuslly turn the power off.个人计算机系统一提到“技术”这个词，大多数人都会想到计算机。实际上，和计算机相关的事物出现在我们生活中的方方面面。像电视机这样的家用电器内部就有微处理器，甚至汽车里也有一个计算机。不过，一般人们首先想到的是个人计算机或者叫做PC机。PC机是一种以微处理器为中心的通用工具。它有许多不同的部件共同工作：存储器、硬盘、调制解调器等。“通用”的意思是使用PC机可以做不同的事情。即可以用它来录入文件，也可以用它来发送电子邮件、浏览网页和玩游戏。PC机内部 让我们来看一下一台典型台式计算机的主要部件。.中央处理单元（CPU）:计算机系统的微处理器“大脑”叫做中央处理单元。CPU监管着计算机所做的一切。.存储器：用于保存数据的快速存储设备。其速度快的原因是它直接和微处理器相连。计算机是有几种类型的存储器：随机存取存储器RAM(用于暂存计算机正在使用的信息)，只读存储器ROM（一种永久性的存储器，用于存储不变的重要数据），基本输入输出系统BIOS (一种用于计算机，开机时建立基本通信的ROM),缓存（用于在极高速ROM中存储频率使用的数据，直接和CPU相连），虚拟存储器（用于暂存数据和在需要时和RAM交换数据的硬件空间。.主板：所以其他内部组件都和主板连接。通常CPU和内存都位于主板上。其他组件可能直接位于主板上，也可以通过某种方式连接到主板上。例如，声卡置于主板上，也可以通过PCI总线连接到主板上。.电源：一种为计算机提供电能的电源管理器。.硬件：用于保存程序和文档等信息的大容量永久存储设备。.操作系统：为用户和计算机之间提供接口的底层软件。.集成驱动电子设备（IDE）控制器、只读光盘驱动器和软盘驱动器的主要接口。.周边设备互联（PCI）总线：这是一种最常见的将附加设备连接到计算机的方式，PCI总线使用了一系列主板插槽和PCI卡相连。.小型计算机系统接口（SCSI）:SCSI是一种向计算机添加硬盘、扫描仪等附加设备.加速图形接口（AGP）:AGP是一种用于显卡和计算机进行接口的超高速连接。.声卡：计算机使用声卡进行音频的录放。采用的方法是：将模拟信号转化为数字信息，然后再将数字信息转化为模拟信号。.显卡：它将来自计算机的图象数据转换为显示器可以显示的数据格式。连接不论计算机内部组件的功能多么的强大，这些组件之间都需要相互作用。这种相互作用称为输入输出（I/o）。pc机中最常见的几