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一、动词不定式 在2010 年全国大部分省市的高考英语试题中,都对动词不定式这一考点进行了考查,考查重点与2009 年高考英语一致,仍然是侧重于对动词不定式作定语(5道题)和状语(4道题)的考查。 1. 动词不定式作定语 2010 年高考英语试题中有关对动词不定式作定语的考查主要集中在动词不定式的一般式和被动式。例如: 1)I have a lot of readings _before the end of this term. (2010 山东卷,23) A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed 2)That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water instudentsbathrooms. (2010 上海卷,40) A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce 3)After she completes the project,shell have nothing to worry about (没什么要担心的). (worry)(2010 湖北卷,75) 4)His first book _ next month is based on a true story. (2010 陕西卷,19) A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published 5)Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _ first is the library. (2010 重庆卷,34) A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired 解析 这五道题的共同点是考查动词不定式(短语)作后置定语,所修饰的名词与不定式(短语)之间构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。其中题2)插入了一个省略了关系代词的定语从句we canimagine,以此来干扰学生的理解。题3)的答案也可以不用不定式来做,可填名词短语no more worries。 2. 动词不定式作状语 2010 年高考英语对动词不定式作状语的考查主要集中在动词不定式作目的状语和原因状语。例如: 1)With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad. (2010 全国卷1,34) A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought 2)There were many talented actors out there just waiting _. (2010 江西卷,32) A. to discover B. to be discovered C. discovered D. being discovered 3)We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition. (2010 辽宁卷,25) A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found 4)In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant _.(2010四川卷,11)A.to deal with B.dealing withC.to be dealt with D.dealt with 解析 这四道题考查的共同点是动词不定式(短语)作状语,考查的时态都是不定式的一般式。1)、2)两道小题考查不定式作目的状语。题3)考查不定式作原因状语。题4)考查不定式作表语形容词pleasant 的状语,此时不定式和句中主语that company 构成逻辑上的动宾关系,但不定式只能用主动形式,因为人们往往认为形容词后省去for people。其中题3)、4)涉及到的考点近年很少出现,值得关注。 归纳 1. 动词不定式作定语必须后置,即放在所修饰的名词或代词的后面,表示尚未发生的或将要发生的动作。 2. 动词不定式作状语时,可以表示目的、结果、原因和条件等。元不定式作目的状语,位于句首时,用逗号隔开,位于句尾时不用逗号隔开。 不定式作原因状语,通常用来修饰表示喜、怒、哀、乐的形容词。如:happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised,angry, anxious, frightened, shocked, sor-ry, eager, disappointed 等。 不定式作表语形容词(easy,hard, interesting, pleasant, heavy, dangerous等)的状语时,多用主动形式。 备考建议 考生在备考时,要继续重视不定式作定语和状语的用法。对不定式作宾语、补语,“疑问代词+不定式”,不定式to的省略,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义,动词不定式符号“to”的保留等用法也不可小视,同时要注意动词不定式的完成式和进行式的用法。 二、动词的-ing 形式 2010 年对动词的-ing 形式的考查较之2009 年有所增加,考查的重点仍然是动词的-ing 形式作状语。全国大部分省市的高考英语试题中考查了这一用法(9 道题)。此外,动词的-ing 形式作定语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语等用法也在部分省市的英语试题中进行了考查。 1. 动词的-ing 形式作状语 2010 年对动词的-ing 形式作状语的考查主要集中在动词的-ing 形式的一般式。例如: 1)Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, _supplies to Yushu,Oinghai province after the earthquake. (2010福建卷,25) A. sending B.to send C. having sent D.to have sent 2)The lady walked around the shops, _ an eye out for bargains. (2010江西卷,24) A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep 3)_ at my classmatesfaces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. (2010北京卷,21) A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked 4)_ the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.(2010上海卷,35) A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached 5)Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. (2010湖南卷,26) A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle 6)The news shocked the public, _ to great concern about studentssafety at school.(2010重庆卷,30) A. having led B. led C. leading D. to lead 7)It rained heavily in the south,_ serious flooding in severalprovinces. (2010天津卷,12) A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 8)The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _ the students to return to their classrooms. (2010江苏卷,28) A. enablingB. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled 9)The lawyer listened with full attention,_ to miss any point.(2010四川卷,17) A.not trying B.trying not C.to try not D.not to try 解析 这九道题的共同点是考查动词的-ing 形式在句中作状语,在句中分别表示伴随1)2),时间3)4)5),结果6)7)8),原因9)。除题5)考查动词的-ing形式的完成式外,其余都是考查动词的-ing 形式的一般式。 2. 动词的-ing 形式作定语 动词的-ing 形式作定语,必须和先行词之间是“主动”关系。 期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆 The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. (2010浙江卷,20) A. being weighedB. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing 解析 此题考查动词的-ing 形式作定语,相当于一个定语从句who / that weigh.,修饰前面的名词children. 3. 动词的-ing 形式作宾语补足语 Listen! Do you hear someone_ for help? (2010湖南卷,21) A. calling B. call C. to call D. called 解析 在此题中,call 的逻辑主语就是someone, 与someone 之间存在主谓关系,且这个动作正在进行,所以用calling作宾补。 4. 动词的-ing 形式作宾语 在介词之后通常接动词的-ing 形式作介词的宾语。例如: I had great difficulty _ the suit-able food on the menu in that restaurant.(2010上海卷,32) A. find B. found C. to find D. finding 解析 句型have difficulty (in) doing sth中的in 可以省略,直接保留介词的宾语,即动词的-ing形式。 5. 动词的-ing 形式作同位语 He had a wonderful childhood,_ with his mother to all corners of the world. (2010安徽卷,30) A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling 解析 句中traveling with his mother to all corners of the world 具体解释说明a wonderful childhood 的内容,这一用法很少见。 6. 动词的-ing 形式作主语 非谓语动词作主语在历年高考题中都很少出现,2010 年也只在湖北卷的完成句子题型中出现。例如: Not being able to use / Being un able to use / Not knowing how to use (不会用)a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his aca-demic research. (use) (2010湖北卷,73) 解析 此题考查动词的-ing 形式的否定式作主语。根据中文“不会用”,回译为英语可用情态动词be able to 来帮助完成该句子,然后综合动词的-ing 形式的否定式应在前面加not,得出最后答案。 归纳 1. 动词的-ing 形式作状语,实际上是把状语从句简化。简化的条件为: 1)动词-ing 形式的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语保持一致;2)动词-ing 形式的动作必须和主句的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系,并与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,若在谓语动作之前发生,需用动词的-ing 形式的完成式。 2. 动词的-ing 形式作定语,与它所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,用动词的-ing 形式表示动作正在进行或当时的状态。 3. 动词的-ing 形式作宾补时,表示动词的-ing 形式的逻辑主语就是句子的宾语,与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系。此种用法常用于动词see, watch, ob-serve, look at, hear, listen to, notice,have, get, keep, leave等后面,表示动作正在发生。 4. 在一些句型中保留介词的宾语要要动词的-ing 形式。这些句型有: 1)have trouble / difficulty / a good time (in) + V-ing;2)sb spend time / money (in) + V-ing;3)be busy (in) + V-ing等。 备考建议 动词的-ing 形式作状语一直都是对动词的-ing 形式考查时的重点,因此我们应该予以重视。2010 年高考英语试题中对动词的-ing 形式的复合结构, 以及动词的-ing 形式的被动式未有考查,故考生在2011 年的备考中应对其予以重视。 三、动词的-ed 形式(动词的过去分词) 2009 年高考英语主要考查动词的过去分词作状语(多达7 题),2010年对动词的过去分词的考查重点有所变 1. 过去分词作定语 2010 年对过去分词的考查主要集中在过去分词(短语)作后置定语。例如: 1)Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ from the library. (2010 全国卷I,27) A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing 2)So far nobody has claimed the money _ in the library. (2010 湖南卷,30) A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered 3)Im calling to enquire about the position _ in yesterdays China Daily. (2010 北京卷,25) A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised 4)A great number of students_ said they were forced to practise the piano. (2010 四川卷,4) A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning 解析 这四道题的考点是一致的,都是考查过去分词(短语)作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句,分别修饰前面的名词maps, money, position, students。 2. 过去分词作状语 2010 年对过去分词作状语的考查主要集中在过去分词作时间状语和原因状语两个考点上。例如: 1)_ from the top of the tow-er,the south foot of the mountain is a seaof trees. (2010 陕西卷,16) A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see 2)Painted (油漆成)red, thebuilding stands out among the rest andlooks very attractive. (paint) (2010 湖北卷,72) 解析 这两道题都是考查过去分词作状语。see 和paint的逻辑主语分别是主句的主语the south foot of the mountain和the building, 且和它们含有动宾关系。它们都可以转化成相应的状语从句。其中题2)如果强调paint动作在谓语动作之前,也可以填Having beenpainted。 3. 过去分词作宾语补足语及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时,表示被动和完成。这一考点在 2009 年未考查,在2010 年考了两道题。例如: 1)Alexander tried to get his work_ in the medical circles. (2010 辽宁卷,35) A. to recognize B.recognizing C. recognize D. recognized 2)Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues _with her stories.(2010 上海卷,33) A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused 解析 宾语work 和recognize,colleagues 和amuse 之间存在动宾关系,所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。 4. 过去分词作表语 有些已经完全形容词化的过去分词不含被动色彩。例如: In April, thousands of holiday -makers remained _ abroad due to thevolcanic ash cloud. (2010 福建
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