宏观经济学课件

8THEDATAOFMACROECONOMICS 23 MeasuringaNation sIncome MeasuringaNation sIncome Microeconomics微观经济学Microeconomicsisthestudyofhowindividualhouseholds 个别家庭 andfirms 企业 makedecisionsandhowtheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets Macroeconomics宏观经济学Macroeconomicsisthestudyoftheeconomyasawhole 整个经济 Itsgoalistoexplaintheeconomicchanges 经济变化 thataffect 影响 manyhouseholds firms andmarketsatonce MeasuringaNation sIncome Macroeconomicsanswersquestionslikethefollowing Whyisaverageincome 平均收入 highinsomecountriesandlowinothers Whydopricesriserapidly 上升迅速 insometimeperiodswhiletheyaremorestable 稳定 inothers Whydoproduction 生产 andemployment 就业 expand 扩张 insomeyearsandcontract 收缩 inothers 法国 55 1602 Vs 泰国 51 3115 23 1THEECONOMY SINCOMEANDEXPENDITURE Whenjudgingwhethertheeconomyisdoingwellorpoorly itisnaturaltolookatthetotalincomethateveryoneintheeconomyisearning 当判断一国经济运行是好还是不好时 自然就会考察经济中所有人赚到的总收入 THEECONOMY SINCOMEANDEXPENDITURE Foraneconomyasawhole incomemustequalexpenditure 对一个整体经济而言 收入必定等于支出 because Everytransactionhasabuyerandaseller Everydollarofspendingbysomebuyerisadollarofincomeforsomeseller THEECONOMY SINCOMEANDEXPENDITURE Theequalityofincomeandexpenditurecanbeillustratedwiththecircular flowdiagram 收入和支出相等可以用循环流量图来描述 Figure1TheCircular FlowDiagram Spending Revenue Income Flowofinputs andoutputs Flowofdollars Copyright 2004South Western 23 2THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT Grossdomesticproduct GDP isameasureoftheincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy Itisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime GDP是在某一既定时期一个国家内所生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值 THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT GDPistheMarketValue Outputisvaluedatmarketprices OfAllFinal Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods notintermediategoods 中间产品 GoodsandServices Itincludesbothtangible 有形的 goods food clothing cars andintangibleservices haircuts housecleaning doctorvisits THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT Produced Itincludesgoodsandservicescurrently 当前 produced nottransactionsinvolvinggoodsproducedinthepast WithinaCountry Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry 局限于一个国家的地理范围之内 THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT InaGivenPeriodofTime Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime 某一特定时期 usuallyayearoraquarter threemonths 23 3THECOMPONENTSOFGDP WhatIsNotCountedinGDP GDPexcludes 排除 mostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly 违法地 suchasillegaldrugs THECOMPONENTSOFGDP GDP Y isthesumofthefollowing Consumption C 消费Investment I 投资GovernmentPurchases G 政府购买NetExports NX 净出口Y C I G NX THECOMPONENTSOFGDP Consumption C Thespendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing 除了购买新住房 家庭用于物品与劳务的支出Investment I Thespendingoncapitalequipment inventories andstructures includingnewhousing 用于资本设备 存货和建筑物的支出 包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出 THECOMPONENTSOFGDP GovernmentPurchases G Thespendingongoodsandservicesbylocal state andfederalgovernments Doesnotincludetransferpaymentsbecausetheyarenotmadeinexchangeforcurrentlyproducedgoodsorservices 不包括转移支付 因为它并不用于交换当前生产的物品或劳务 NetExports NX Exportsminusimports Table1GDPandItsComponents 2001 Copyright 2004South Western GDPandItsComponents 2001 23 4REALVERSUSNOMINALGDP NominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices 名义GDP是按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产 RealGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices 真实GDP是按不变价格评价的物品与劳务的生产 Table2RealandNominalGDP Copyright 2004South Western Table2RealandNominalGDP Copyright 2004South Western Table2RealandNominalGDP Copyright 2004South Western TheGDPDeflator GDP平减指数 TheGDPdeflatorisameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100 IttellsustheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributable 归因于 toariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced TheGDPDeflator TheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows TheGDPDeflator ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDP将名义GDP转化为真实GDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows Table2RealandNominalGDP Copyright 2004South Western Figure2RealGDPintheUnitedStates Billionsof 1996Dollars 10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 1995 Copyright 2004South Western 23 5GDPANDECONOMICWELL BEING GDP和经济福利 GDPisthebestsinglemeasureoftheeconomicwell beingofasociety GDPperpersontellsustheincomeandexpenditureoftheaveragepersonintheeconomy 人均GDP告诉我们经济中每个人的平均收入和支出 GDPANDECONOMICWELL BEING HigherGDPperpersonindicatesahigherstandardofliving 人均GDP高意味着生活水平高 GDPisnotaperfectmeasureofthehappinessorqualityoflife however 然而 GDP并非是衡量幸福和生活质量的完美指标 GDPANDECONOMICWELL BEING Somethingsthatcontributeto 有助于 well beingarenotincludedinGDP Thevalueofleisure 闲暇的价值Thevalueofacleanenvironment 干净的环境的价值Thevalueofalmostallactivitythattakesplaceoutsideofmarkets suchasthevalueofthetimeparentsspendwiththeirchildrenandthevalueofvolunteerwork Table3GDP LifeExpectancy andLiteracy Copyright 2004South Western 23 6Summary Becauseeverytransactionhasabuyerandaseller thetotalexpenditureintheeconomymustequalthetotalincomeintheeconomy GrossDomesticProduct GDP measuresaneconomy stotalexpenditureonnewlyproducedgoodsandservicesandthetotalincomeearnedfromtheproductionofthesegoodsandservices Summary GDPisthemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime GDPisdividedamongfourcomponentsofexpenditure consumption investment governmentpurchases andnetexports Summary NominalGDPusescurrentpricestovaluetheeconomy sproduction RealGDPusesconstantbase yearpricestovaluetheeconomy sproductionofgoodsandservices