词汇学名词解释

1.Slang:俚语 word of this group belong to the sub-standard language (a category that seems to stand between the standard general words and informal ones available to everyone) eg roger(understand),catch(talk to)2.Archaisms:古语词 archaisms are words or form that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. eg thou(you).wilt(will)3.Neologisms:新词语this category refer to newly-created words or expressions or words that have taken on new meanings. eg the pill=an oral contraceptive4.Denizens:同化词 denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the english language.in the words they have come to conform to english way of pronunciation and spelling. eg pork from porc(F) .cup from cuppa(L)5.Aliens:非同化词 aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg decor(F)6.translation loans:译借词 translation loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the english language but modelled on the patterns taken from anther language. eg ketchup from fanqiejiang(CH dial) lama from lama(Tib)7.semantic loans:借义词 words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but to the meaning.in the other words ,english has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. eg Pioneer once signified explorer only or person doing pioneering work, and it now has taken on the new meaning of a member of the Young Pioneer8.Free versus bound morphemes :自由语素 粘着语素Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free .free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentence.eg they are identicalWith words,for example,man,earth,wind,car and anger.collect,ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes.all the rest re-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex- and -er are bound as none of them freestanding units9. Derivational versus inflectional morphemes:morphemes wich are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes. eg clear+ance,life+like.Inflection morphemes:曲折语素 indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines,fridges,desks,radio and potatoes.10. affix:词缀 affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.affixes can fall into prefix and suffix. Eg prefixes:pre-,ex-,and de- suffixes:-less,-dom,-ic,-s,-ed)11. Affixation:词缀法 affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to base. Affixation fall into two subcategories:prefixation and suffixation.prefixation 前缀法is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to base.non-means not:non-smoker,non-classical.suffixation:后缀法is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.eg -ful:meaningamountcontained一mouthful,handful.12. compounding:(复合法）compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. eg these example show that compounds can be written solid(silkworm),hyphenated(honey-bee) and open(tear gas).13. Conversion 转类法 conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Eg simple (adj)一simplify(v)简化14. Blending:拼缀法blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. eg smog is the result of putting smoke and fog together.15. Clipping：截短法 another common way of making a word is to shorten,or clip a longer word,known as clipping. eg plane and exam are sometimes use in place of aeroplane.16. Acronymy:首字母拼写法 acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Eg. Voa voice of america17. back-formation:逆生法back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. eg diagnosis一diagnose，donation一donate18. Sound reduplication(语音重叠法） sound reduplication is the formation compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change. eg flip一flop人字拖,fingle一fangle标立异19. Commonization of proper names:专用名词普遍化 when proper names are changed into words in use,the process is called commonization. eg ohm from German physicist ohm .20. Onomatopoeic motivation:拟声理据in modern English one may find some words whose phonetic forms suggest their meanings as the words were created by imitating,the natural sounds or noises.bang,ping一pong,haha.21. Morphological motivation:形态理据 compounds and derived words are muti-morphemic words and the meaning many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined. eg airmail means to mail by air22. Semantic motivation：语义理据semantic motivation is the mental associations bases on the conceptual meaning of a word.in other word,it is the figurative sense of the word. eg when we say the mouth of a river,we associate the opening part of the riverwith the mouth of a human being or an animal23. Etymological motivation：词源理据 the origins of words often throw light on their meanings. eg the word laconic meaning brief or short is derived form lacons.24. types of homonymshomonyms：同形同音异义词 perfect homonyms also known as absolute homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling. eg bear n(a large heavy animal) bear v (to put up with)homographs:同形异义词are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. eg sow v(to scatter seeds)一sow n (female adult pig)homophones:同音异义词are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Eg dear n(a love person) ;deer n (a kind of animal).25. Extension of meaning:词义的扩大 extension of meaning refers to the process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. eg journal一daily paper一periodical26. Narrowing of meaning： (词义的缩小）narrowing of meaning is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. eg girl一young person of