国外社会心理学1课件

Chapter5 Thismultimediaproductanditscontentsareprotectedundercopyrightlaw Thefollowingareprohibitedbylaw anypublicperformanceordisplay includingtransmissionofanyimageoveranetwork preparationofanyderivativework includingtheextraction inwholeorinpart ofanyimages anyrental lease orlendingoftheprogram TheSelf HowWeAnswertheQuestion WhoAmI Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Copyright2006 AllynandBacon TheSelf ThinkingAbouttheSelf PersonalversusSocialIdentitySelf Esteem AttitudesTowardtheSelfSocialComparison KnowingtheSelfTheSelfasTargetofPrejudice Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Personal SocialIdentityContinuum signifiesthetwodistinctwaysthattheselfcanbecategorizedPersonallevelSelfcanbethoughtofasauniqueindividualHowit sdescribeddependsonintragroupcomparisons SocialidentitylevelSelfcanbethoughtofasamemberofagroupHowit sdescribedisaresultofintergroupcomparisons Situationalfactorsimpacthowpeopledefinethemselves Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf WhoIAmDependsontheSituationPeopleseethemselvesdifferentlydependingonwhichrelationshipsandwhichcontextsareconsidered Self Complexity referstohowtheself conceptisorganizedHighcomplexity AspectsoftheselfaredistinctfromoneanotherFailureinonedomainhaslessimpactonone soverallfeelingsaboutone sselfLowcomplexity Aspectsoftheselfoverlapeachother Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Cultureaffectshowtheselfisperceived IndependentSelf Concept inindividualisticcultures peopledevelopaself conceptasseparatefromorindependentofothers InterdependentSelf Concept incollectivistcultures peopledevelopaself conceptintermsofone sconnectionsorrelationshipswithothers Groupmembership likebeingamemberofagendergroup influenceshowoneseesone sself Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf WhichaspectoftheselfhasinfluencedependsonContextanditsfeaturesthatmakeanaspectoftheselfdistinctiveImportanceoftheaspecttotheselfReferencesotherpeoplemakeaboutone sself Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf WhoIAmDependsonOthers TreatmentHowpeoplearetreatedbyothersandhowtheybelievetheywillbetreatedinthefutureaffectshowtheythinkaboutthemselves Peoplemaytrytohideanaspectoftheselfthattheythinkwillresultinrejectionfromothers Or theymaychoosetoemphasizethisfeature Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Self Awareness TerrorManagementSubjectiveSelf Awareness thoughttobethefirstleveloftheselftoemergeandistherecognitionthattheselfisseparatefromotherobjectsinone sphysicalenvironmentObjectiveSelf Awareness organism scapacitytobetheobjectofitsownattention Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf SymbolicSelf Awareness uniquelyhumancapacitytoformanabstractrepresentationoftheselfthroughlanguageandisconnectedwithknowingthatdeathisinevitableTerrorManagementTheory humansconfrontexistentialterrorduetotheirawarenessoftheinevitabilityoftheirowndeathPeopleattempttodealwiththisthreattotheselfwhentheirownmortalityissalientSelf esteemcanactasabufferagainsttheanxietythatisaresultoftheawarenessoftheirowninevitabledeath Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf PossibleSelves TheSelfOverTimePossibleSelf imageofhowtheselfmightbeinthefutureCouldbeavoidedordesiredCanmotivatepeopletochangebehaviorAwarenessthatoneisfailingtoliveuptoone sstandardscanresultindistractionasawaytoreduceuncomfortableself awarenessPeoplemaybeoverlyoptimisticabouttheirabilitytobecometheselfthattheydesire Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Successfulchangeismorelikelywhenfeelingsofself efficacy believingthatonecanachieveagoal arepresent Otherchangestotheselfoccurduetochangesinsituationalfactors Forexample age relocation newjob andmajorlifeevents Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Whatareyourthoughts Whatarefactorsthatinfluencehowpeoplethinkaboutthemselves Whatarethebenefitsofincreasedself awareness Whatarethecostsofbecomingmoreself aware Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem MeasurementofSelf EsteemSelf Esteem degreetowhichtheselfisperceivedpositivelyornegatively one soverallattitudetowardtheselfSelf esteemcanchangereadilyinresponsetosocialsituations Iteasilycanbeenhancedordecreasedinlaboratorysettings Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem Rosenberg s 1965 scaleisthemostcommonmethodtomeasureself esteem Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem Unconsciousmeasurementproceduresalsoareusedtomeasureself esteem Self ReferenceEffect peopleseemtoorientthemselvestowardstimulithatareassociatedwiththeselfandshowpreferencesforobjectsownedbyandreflectiveoftheselfSuggeststhatstrategiestoimproveself esteemmaybemoresuccessfulifimplementedbelowconsciousawareness Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem Self ServingBiasesAboveAverageEffect tendencyforpeopletoratethemselvesasabovetheaverageonmostpositivesocialattributesPeopledonottendtotakeresponsibilityfornegativeoutcomes butdosoforpositiveoutcomes Peoplemaydothisforbothpersonalandgroupoutcomes CultureaffectslikelihoodthatpeoplewillengageinthisprocessHowever whenpeopleattributenegativeoutcomestointernalfactorstheyreceivemorepositiveevaluationsfromothersthandopeoplewhoblameexternalcircumstances Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem IsHighSelf EsteemAlwaysPositive Ithasfoundtoberelatedtobullying narcissism andinterpersonalaggression Menwithhighself esteemratherthanlowself esteemaremorelikelytocommitactsofviolencetowardthosewhocontesttheirpositiveself view Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem DoGenderDifferencesinSelf EsteemExist Womenwhoaredevalued facegenderdiscrimination andareawareofthisinequalityhavelowerself esteemcomparedtoothers Men sself esteemtendstobehigherthanwomen sself esteem Thesedifferencesarelessintheprofessionalclassthaninmiddle lowerincomeclasses StrongestgenderdifferencehasbeenobservedamongwhiteNorthAmericansNoreliabledifferencewasfoundamongminorityAmericans Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem Whatareyourthoughts Whataresuccessfulstrategiesthatpeopleusetomaintaintheiroverallself esteem Whyaremembersofhighstatusgroupsmorelikelytocomplainaboutunfairoutcomes Whyishighself esteemassociatedwithviolenceinmen Whatarereasonswhygenderdifferencesinself esteemarehigherinwhiteNorthAmericanscomparedtominorityAmericans Copyright2006 AllynandBacon SocialComparison KnowingtheSelf SocialComparisonTheory Festinger 1954 suggestedthatpeoplecomparethemselvestootherswhenthereisnoobjectiveyardsticktoevaluatetheselfagainstothers performanceDownwardSocialComparison comparingoneselftootherswhodolesswellthantheselfUpwardSocialComparison comparingoneselftootherswhodobetterthantheselfMethodofcomparisonaffectshowpeoplethinkandfeelaboutthemselves Copyright2006 AllynandBacon SocialComparison KnowingtheSelf Methodofcomparisondependsonpeople smotivesforcomparison tofeelgoodortobeaccurateTobeaccurate itmaybebesttocompareone sperformancewithsomeonewhoissimilaronvariousdimensions e g gender ethnicity orproficiencyinaspecificdomain Also comparisontosimilarothers thoseinone sin group mayresultinamorepositiveresult Copyright2006 AllynandBacon SocialComparison KnowingtheSelf ContextswithinwhichcomparisonsoccurhavedifferentconsequencesSelf EvaluationMaintenanceModel suggeststhattomaintainapositiveviewofthepersonalselfpeopledistancethemselvesfromotherswhoperformbetterthantheydoonvalueddimensions butmoveclosertootherswhoperformworsethantheydoSocialIdentityTheory suggeststhattomaintainapositiveviewoftheirgroupidentitypeoplewillmoveclosertopositiveotherswithwhomtheyshareanidentity butdistancefrom orderogate thosewhoperformpoorlyorsomehowmakesocialidentitynegative black sheepeffect Copyright2006 AllynandBacon SocialComparison KnowingtheSelf Copyright2006 AllynandBacon SocialComparison KnowingtheSelf Self PresentationandSelf RegulationIngratiation whenpeopletrytomakeotherslikethembyconveyingthattheylikethemAnd peoplecanattempttopresentthemselvestoothersaspossessingpositiveattributesThistendencyisaffectedbyculturalnorms AmericanstudentsaremorelikelytodescribethemselvesintermsoftheirstrengthsthanareJapanesestudentswhotendtobemoreself critical Copyright2006 AllynandBacon SocialComparison KnowingtheSelf Self Monitoring referstohowmotivatedandablepeoplearetomonitortheirbehaviorinresponsetoothers expectanciesHighself monitorsareconcernedwiththereactionsofothersandareverygoodatmonitoringtheirbehaviorandadjustingtheiractionsinfrontofotherpeople UsethirdpersonpronounsthatshowoutwardfocusonothersTendtohavehigherself esteemduetosocialapprovalLowself monitorsarenotasadeptatthisandprefertoactconsistentlywiththeirpersonalviews UsefirstpersonpronounsthatshowafocusontheselfLoseself esteemwhentheyviolateownpersonalstandards Copyright2006 AllynandBacon SocialComparison KnowingtheSelf Anothermethodtoknowtheself whichisassumedtobeuseful isintrospection theprocessofprivatelythinkingabout whooneis However lookinginwardmaynotbethebestwaytogainself knowledge Peopleoftendonothaveconsciousawarenessofthereasonsfortheiractions Analyzingreasonsforlikingorchoosingsomethingcanresultinattitudechangethatmisleadspeoplewhenmakinganotherchoice Peoplearenotverygoodatpredictingtheirfuturefeelings Theusefulnessofintrospectiondependsonwhichaspectsoftheselfareanalyzed Copyright2006 AllynandBacon SocialComparison KnowingtheSelf Whatareyourthoughts Whydopeoplemakedownwardsocialcomparisons Ifsomeoneclosetoyouperformsbetterthanyoudoonataskthatisimportanttoyou whatmayhappenaccordingtotheself evaluationmaintenancemodel Whoislikelytostayinrelationshipslonger alowself monitororahighself monitor Why Copyright2006 AllynandBacon TheSelfasTargetofPrejudice EmotionalConsequencesIthasbeenproposedthatattributingnegativeoutco