句子种类成分与简单句的基本句型(练习).docx

句子种类与简单句的基本句型 句子的分类通常，我们从两个不同的角度对句子进行分类：一是按句子的用途；二是按句子的结构。1.句子的用途分类所谓用途分类是指，根据句子的意思，句子的语言功能和作用是什么，然后将其归类。按这种方法，所有的英语句子可以分成四个种类：陈述句（Declarative Sentence），疑问句（Interrogative Sentence），祁使句（Imperative Sentence）和感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）。1）陈述句（Declarative Sentence）1 肯定式2 否定式2)疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）可分为以下四种：A）一般疑问句（General Question）(1)用Yes,No来回答的疑问句。(2)往往把be,助动词，情态动词置于句首。例如：-Are you a student ? -Yes, I am a student .-Do you like dancing ? -Yes, I do .B)特殊疑问句（Special Question）（1）用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子, 用疑问词+一般疑问句构成如：时间（When）、地点（Where）、原因（Why）、方式（How）、人物（Who）、名称（What），等等。回答的内容是具体的。例如：-Who is in charge of English in your class ? -Zheng Zheng (is ).-谁是你们班的英语科代表？-（是）郑征。-Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today .-She is preparing for going abroad .罗慧敏今天为什么没有上班？她要出国,正在做准备。（2）疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，与陈述句的顺序相同，如：Whose father works in Shanghai?Who is on duty today?C)选择疑问句（Alternative Question）由一般疑问句加连词or连接。回答时既不能用Yes也不能用No，而是需要回答人说出具体的选择。另外，连词or之前的部分读升调，其后的部分读降调。例如：-Is your sister or brother going abroad ? -My brother is .（选择主语）-是你的妹妹还是弟弟要出国？-我弟弟。-Are you going to school or back home . -（Im）Going home .（选择谓语）-你是去学校还是回家。-我回家。D)反意疑问句（Disjunctive Question）当说话人对某种情况不甚有把握，或需进一步证实时，便可使用反意疑问句。构成：陈述句+简略问句 肯定否定 否定肯定例如： She is a college student , isnt she ?她是学生，对不对？ He cannot speak French , can he ?他不会说法语是不是？3)祁使句（Imperative Sentence）祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议，等等。祈使句的主语常被省略，因为这个主语很明确地是听话人you。有时为了强调或表示某种感情，句子也会带上主语。祈使句的谓语用动词原形；它的否定形式是句首用Dont或never +动词原形。例如：Be quiet , please !（大家）请安静。Stand up !起立！Dont smoke in the office .请不要在办公室吸烟。Dont be standing in the rain .别站在雨里。4)感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。多是由What或How引起的。What用来强调名词，How则强调形容词、副词或动词。例如：What a fine day it is today !今天天气多好啊！How fine it is today !今天天气多好啊！What a lovely son you have !你有个多可爱的儿子啊！How lovely your son is !你的儿子多可爱啊！2.句子的结构分类如果按照句子的结构分类，英文句子可分为三个类别：简单句（Simple Sentence），并列句（Compound Sentence）和复合句（Complex Sentence）。这里所说的结构，主要是指句子中主语和谓语之间所构成的关系。1)简单句（Simple Sentence）简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子可能有两个或更多的主语，也可能有两个或更多的谓语，但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。例如：Chinaand Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects .（两个主语，一个谓语）中国和中国人民在以非常的速度日益进步。Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paidmore and more attention by people .（两个谓语，一个主语）计算机对人类社会意味着很多东西，并越来越受到人们的重视。2)并列句（Compound Sentence）并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种：A.表示转折意思: but , yet , however , nevertheless例：Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself .一切都是身外之物，只用健康属于自己。He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English .他才学一年英文，但已能用英文与人交往了。John has his shortcomings; however, that doesnt mean he is not qualified for the job .约翰有缺点，但这不等于说他不胜任这份工作。B.表示因果关系: or , so , therefore , hence例：Youd better take an umbrella with you, for its going to rain.要下雨了，你最好带把伞。Ive got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now.我要去开个会，我得走了。You are in the right , therefore we should support you .你是对的，所以我们该支持你。The town was built on the side of a hill, hence its namedHillside.这个小镇建在山旁，所以叫山旁。C.表示并列关系and , or , eitheror , neither / nor , not onlybut (also), bothand , as well as例：She came to my house yesterday evening, and Iwent to hers .昨晚她来我家了，我却去她家了。Do it this way or youll be in trouble .你就这么办，不然你会有麻烦的。Either you tell him the truth , or I do it .不是你告诉他事实，就是我来告诉。He doesnt know your address, neither / nor doI.他不知道你的地址，我也不知道。3)复合句（Complex Sentence）复合句也是两个或两个以上的主谓结构的句子。但它们之间的关系不是并列的、对等的，其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的，其他的主谓结构都从属的。那个主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句（Main Clause）；其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句（Subordinate Clause）。从句只有和主句在一起才能有意义；从句若从主句那里独立出来就无法表达意义了复合句里的从句种类较多，引起不同的从句要用不同的从属连词。Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at movies as well .（状语从句）许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话，所以他们认为在电影院也可以如此。Whether he comes or not doesnt make any difference to me .（主语从句）他来与不来对我都一样。Chinais not what it used to be .（表语从句）中国不是它过去的样子了。如果将上面所有的从句都独立出来，那将是这样的：Because they talk at home while the television is onWhether he comes or notwhat money is and how money is measuredwhat it used to be思考与并列句的区别所在：（1） 、并列句中的并列连词纯粹似粘合济，去掉后，被粘合的部分就分开独立了；（2） 从句其实是用来担当句子成分（除谓语外）的，它的标志就是它句首的关系词-从属连词。那么，我们在阅读时，凡是看到某个句子以关系词开头，就可大胆地断定这个句子不是主句，而只是句中的某个成分。这样做对提高我们的阅读能力是大有好处的。一、简单句的5种基本句型。(1)S+V (2)S+V+O (3)S+V+P(4)S+V+InO+DO (5)S+V+O+C此外，还有there be句型，这一句型具有就近原则，也即谓语动词用单数还是复数要看接近于be动词的那个名词。 1）、S+V此句型的特点是：谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完整的意思，后面不需跟宾语，但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如：He laughed.John has read widely.He lives in London.2）、S+V+O此句型的特点是：谓语动词是及物动词，不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语。如：Our team beat all the others.3）、 S+V+P此句型的特点是：谓语动词是连系动词，不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有：be（是），become（成为），get（变得），turn（变得），grow（变得），look（看起来），feel（感到），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），sound（听起来），seem（似乎），keep（保持），stay（保持）等。如：The rose smells sweet. 4）、S+V+INO+DO此句型的特点是：谓语动词跟有两个宾语，这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者，其中指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词有：answer，bring，buy，find，get，give，lend，make，pass，pay，send，show，sing，take，teach，tell，write等。如：Mr. Li told us an interesting story.Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua？ 5）、S+V+O+OC此句型的特点是：谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语，但意思还不完整，必须加上另外一个成分（宾语补足语）对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。：常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有：elect(选举) , feel(感觉到) , find(发现) , get(使得) , have(使，让) , hear(听到) , imagine(想象) , keep(保持) , make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看见) , let(使) , smell(闻到) , start(使开始) , watch(注视，看) , appoint(任命) , believe(相信) , call(称) , catch(发现) , allow(容许) , ask(请求，要求) , cause(使得) , consider(认为) , expect(预期) , know(知道) , tell(告诉) , think(想，认为) , want(想要) , wish(希望) ,listen to(听) , look at(看，瞧)等等。例如：We elected him our monitor .我们选他当班长。We must keep our school clean.They made him their monitor.【注】S=Subject（主语）； V=Verb（谓语动词）；P=Predicative（表语）；O=Object（宾语）；INO=Indirect Object（间接宾语）；DO=Direct Object（直接宾语）；OC=Object Complement（宾语补足语）二、句子的成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子的各种成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。主语句子的主体，发出动作的人或物，表示所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般放在句首，特殊句型中，在句末，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。如：Hewas born in a small village.他出生在一个小村庄。谓语说明主语的动作特征状态等，由动词或动词短语构成。如：Shetoldme about that story.主谓一致：主语和谓语必须在人称、数两方面保持一致。主谓一致的关键是判断主语是单数还是复数。1.一般情况主语的数比较明确如：His motherworksin a office.她妈妈在办公室工作。2.and连接的两个或两个以上名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Linda and Susanarefrom America.琳达和苏珊来自美国。3.each, either, neither, another做主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Neither of ushasbeen to France.我们两个都没去过法国。4.由some, any, no, every构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语用单数。如：No oneknowshis phone number.没有人知道他的电话号码。5.由eitheror;neithernor;not onlybut also构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语与距离最近的主语保持一致。如：Not only my friends but also my sisteragreeswith me.我的朋友和我的妹妹都赞同我。6.集合名词people, police等作主语时，位于用复数。如：The peopleweresurprised to see him dancing in the street.人们很惊讶的看他在街上跳舞。7.集合名词family, class等作主语时，如看作整体，谓语用单数。如强调个体，则谓语用复数。如：My familyhas livedhere for twenty years.我们家在这里住了20年了。His familywerewatching TV while the phone rang.电话响起时，他们全家在看电视。8.some, any, none, half作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式视情况而定。如：Half of the studentsareboys.一半学生是男生。Halfisenough.一半就够了。9.时间、距离、重量、数量、价值等名词附属作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：Ten yearsisnot a long time.十年不算太久。表语用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态等，位于连系动词后。可作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语及从句等。如：Is this penyours?这笔是你的吗？宾语是动作的承受者。及物动词及相当于及物动词的短语后都必须带宾语。名词、代词、动名词、不定式和从句均可作宾语。如：The little boy waitedhis motherto buy him hamburgers.这个小男孩想让他妈妈给他买汉堡。有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人或物（多指人）。后接双宾语的动词有：answer, bring, buy, deny, do, fetch, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, refuse, save, sell, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write等。间接宾语一般于直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：She made herson a birthday cake.她给她儿子做了一个生日蛋糕。They sentme a letter.他们给我寄了一封信。定语修饰名词或代词的句子成分。可以做定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、动名词、分词短语及从句等。形容词作定语放在名词之前，副词或副词短语时常放在名词后。如：What alovelyday!多好的日子啊！I have a lot of workto do.我有许多工作要做。状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的句子成分称为状语。状语用来说明时间、地点、条件、原因、方式、程度、目的、结果等。可用作状语的有副词、不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语及从句等。如：Hes waiting for mein front of the library.他在图书馆前面等我。They cameto seeme yesterday.他们昨天来看我了。一、句子种类练习：.句型转换(按要求完成句子)1. Those children are students.(否定句,一般疑问句)2. We can see a lot of girls in the picture. (否定句,一般疑问句)3. They will go to England for a visit. (否定句,一般疑问句)4. The young men arent having a party. (肯定句,一般疑问句)5. She has been to Shanghai already. (否定句,一般疑问句)6. Dont be noisy, please. (用quiet改为肯定句,)7. Stand in front of the class. (否定句,反意疑问句)8. Both Mary and Tony are good students. (否定句,一般疑问句)9. All the students in our class are going to visit the Science Museum. (否定句,一般疑问句)10. There is an English test on Friday. (反意疑问句)11. There will be a report on Chinese history tomorrow. (否定句,一般疑问句)12. Tom has his lunch in the school. (否定句,一般疑问句,反意疑问句)13. John does his homework at home. (否定句,一般疑问句,反意疑问句)14. He saw the TV news yesterday evening. (否定句,一般疑问句,反意疑问句)15. I think you are right. (否定句,一般疑问句)16. This kind of car is made in Japan. (否定句,一般疑问句)17.Arthurruns fastest in his class.(就划线部分提问)_ runs fastest in his class?18.Bob”spainting was put up on the wall of our school.(同上) _ painting was put up on the wall of our school?19.Chapter Oneis very difficult to learn. (同上) _ chapter is very difficult to learn?20. Marydoes her homeworkafter supper in the evening. (同上) _ _ Mary _ after supper in the evening?21. He has borrowedfour booksfrom the school library. (同上) _ _ he borrowed from the school library?22. It took him30 minutesto get there. (同上) _ _ _ it take him to get there?23. My father isa teacherin the school. (同上) _ _ your father _ in the school?24. It will beWednesdaythe day after tomorrow. (同上) _ _ will it be the day after tomorrow?25. There areThree thousandpeople in the factory. (同上) _ _ people _ _ in the factory?26. Lindas mother worksin a big hotel.(同上) _ _ Lindas mother work?27. They usually go to schoolby bus.(同上) _ _ they usually go to school?28. They couldnt pass the exambecause they didnt work hard.(同上) _ _ they pass the exam?29.He said something important at the meeting.（改为否定句,一般疑问句） He _ _ _ important at the meeting. _ he _ _ important at the meeting?30. I have to wash all the plates and things after meals.（划线提问） _ _ you have to wash all the plates and things?31. The woman in the red coat is her mother.（划线提问） _ _ is her mother?32. Li Ping spent twenty yuan on the dictionary.（划线提问） _ _ _ Li Ping _ on the dictionary?33. Both of his parents are workers.（改成否定句） _ of his parents _ a worker.34. He went to the park with his sister.（划线提问） _ _ _ he go to the park?35. We really enjoyed working on the farm.（划线提问） What _ you really enjoy _?36. She writes to her parents once a week.（划线提问） _ _ _ she write to her parents?37. Our P.E teacher has been at this school since he came.（划线提问） _ _ _ our P.E teacher been at this school38.Its ten minutes walk from my home to the school.（对划线部分提问）_ _is it from your home to the school?39. She is going to be a nurse in the future.(对划线部分提问)_is she going to _in the future?40. Allan will go back to England by plane next month. .(对划线部分提问)_ _ Allan go back to England next month.41. John went to see his grandmother once a week. .(对划线部分提问)_ _ _ John go to see his grandmother?42. I have been to Beijing twice. .(对划线部分提问)_ _ _ have you been to Beijing.43. The old man can hardly dress himself.(改为反意疑问句)The old man can hardly dress himself,_ _?44.Jim is ill. Lets go and see him after school. (改为反意疑问句)Jim is ill. Lets go and see him after school，_ _?45. I dont think his father knows English. (改为反意疑问句)His father hardly knows English,_ _?46. He thinks his aunt is right. (改为反意疑问句)He thinks his aunt is right,_ _?47. Lindas just come back from America . (改为反意疑问句)Lindas just come back from America, _ _?48.It is cold today.(改写成感叹句)How _ it is today!49. She sings very well.(改写成感叹句)_ well she sings!50. He speaks English fluently!(改写成感叹句)_ _ he speaks English!.单项选择( )1、Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night,_A. dont they B. didnt they C. did they D. do they( )2、-Youve never seen dinosaur eggs, have you ? -_. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World. A. Yes, I have B. No, I havent C. Certainly, I have D. Of course, I havent( )3、His sister had a bad cough, _she?A. wasnt B. doesnt C. hadnt D. didnt( )4、Mr. Green went to Shenzhen on business last week,_?A. isnt he B. doesnt he C. didnt he D. hasnt he( )5、John can hardly understand any Chinese, _he?A. Cant B. doesnt C. can D. does( )6、Dont smoke in the meeting-room,_?A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you( )7、Lucy, you clean the blackboard today,_A. do you B. did you C. will you D. can you( )8、Miss Cheng will never forget her first visit to Canada ,_?A. will she B. wont she C. isnt she d. wasnt she( )9、The lady couldnt say a word when she saw the snake,_?A. could the lady B. couldnt the lady C. could she D. couldnt she( )10、-_sweater is this? -I think its Peters.A. Who B. What C. Which D. Whose( )11、-_I go and meet you at the airport? -No ,thanks, dear . I can take a taxi home.A. Will B. Do C. Shall D. Should( )12、-_is the Confucian Temple(孔庙) from here? -Its about 10 minutes walk.A. How many B. How long C. How much D. How far( )13、-_may I keep these book? -two weeks.A. How often B. How far C. How long D. How soon( )14、Tina is unhappy now,_?A. isnt she B. is she C. is he D. did she( )15、-_you _TV at the moment? -No ,you can turn it off.A. Did, watch B. Are ,watching C. Do ,watch D. Have , watched( )16、-_do you go to Hong Kong? -sorry , Ive never been there.A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How soon( )17、A: _you ever _ the Great Wall? B: Only once.A. Did ,go B. Have , been to C. Have ,gone to D. Have ,been in( )18、-You lent me some money a few months ago. -_? I dont remember lending you any money .A. Did I B. Did you C. Do I D. Do you( )19、-_is it from here to Yancheng Railway Station? -About two kilometers.A. How often B. How far C. How soon D. How long( )20、-Are you going to borrow a dictionary or a magazine? -_.A. Yes, a dictionary B. No, a magazine C. A dictionary D. Yes both( )21、My uncle has never been to a foreign country,_?A. has he B. does he C. hasnt he D. doesnt he( )22、There is some water in that bottle,