初三英语语法-.名词专项.doc

名词一、名词的分类：名词是表示人、物及抽象概念的名称的词。可数Bird, city(个体名词)；family,class(集体名词)不可数New York, China(专有名词)；water, light(物质名词)；music,work (抽象名词)二、可数名词的单复数：1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：情况构成例词规则变化一般情况-sfathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananass,x,sh,ch结尾-esboxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes辅音字母加y去y,加-iesbaby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories以o结尾一般情况-szoo-zoos photo-photos特殊情况-esNegroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, mango(口诀：英雄和黑人喜欢吃西红柿、土豆和芒果)以f或fe结尾去f/fe加-veswife-wives, knife-knives, wolf-wolves, thief-thieves, shelf-shelves, self-selves, life-lives, half-halves, leaf-leaves,(口诀：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。)直接加-sgulf，roof，chief，serf, belief, proof, handkerchief (口诀：海湾边，屋顶上, 首领农奴两相望,谁说他们没有信仰,证据就在手帕上)不规则变化单复数形式一致1、单复数相同：fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese2、只有复数：people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks3、集体名词是单数也是复数：police警察（局）/警察, class班/同学, family家/家庭成员变内部元音字母foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese man-men woman-women mouse-mice加-en/-renchild-children ox-oxen合成的复数1、一般只加主要名词，多为后一个单词。如：action movie/action movies, pen pal/penpals；2、如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如： man doctor/men doctors,woman teacher/women teachers注意：1、物质名词往往是不可数名词，但有些也可作可数名词，此时意义有所不同。如： room（空间） a room（房间）paper（纸） a paper（论文，试卷）fish（鱼） fishes（鱼的种类）drink（饮料）drinks（饮料的种类）glass（玻璃） glasses（玻璃杯，眼镜）work (工作) a work（著作，工事）chicken（鸡肉） a chicken（小鸡）orange（橘汁） oranges（橙子）time（时间） times（时代/次数）wood（木头） a wood（小森林）2、不可数名词的数量表达：不可数名词虽然本身不可数，但可借助单位量词来表示一定的数量。如： a glass of water一杯水a cup of tea 一杯茶a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水a bowl of rice 一碗饭a piece of news 一则新闻a pair of glasses 一副眼镜3、有些名词虽以-s结尾，但它们不是复数。如physics, maths, politics, news4、数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式。如：a five-year-old girl一个五岁的女孩a six-foot-deep hole一个六英尺深的洞a two-metre-long ruler一把两米长的尺子a ten-story-high building一幢十层高的楼房5、分辨可数名词和不可数名词的分辨。三、名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：名词+s(有生命的名词)单数名词+sthe boys mother/Childrens Day复数名词（-s或-es结尾）+“”the two boys mother 不规则复数名词+sthe childrens mother几个人共有时在最后一个人名后+sAlice and Marys room各自所有在各名字后+sAlices and Marys rooms名词+ of +名词(无生命或有生命)a picture of Li Ping the door of the bedroom the roof of the house2、名词所有格的用法(1)s所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示时间、距离、自然现象、国家或城市类实体、工作群体等无生命的名词。如：a months time一个月的时间a miles distance一英里的距离the moons rays月光the citys parks城市的公园the ships crew船上的工作人员(2) s所有格后的名词如指商店、住宅等地点时，该名词通常省略。如：my aunts我阿姨家, the doctors诊所(3) “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格，此结构也可由of + 名词性物主代词构成。如：a friend of my fathers我父亲的一位朋友friend of mine我的一位朋友注意：He is a friend of your fathers.他是你父亲的一个朋友。（强调父亲的朋友不止一个） He is a friend of your father.他是你父亲的朋友。（强调他对你父亲的友好）3、名词所有格的作用： 除了可以表示所有关系外，还有以下几种作用：(1)表示类别。如：Childrens book儿童读物 teachers college师范学院(2)表示主谓关系，表示动作的执行者。如：his mothers request他母亲的要求 the help of the worker工人们的帮助(3)表示动宾关系，表示动作的承受者。如：the familys support养家糊口 the use of computers电脑的用途 四、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：(1)主谓的单复数一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.The water in the glass is very cold.(2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class. 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China. (3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。There is a sheep in the yard. There are some sheep in the yard. (4)maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them. (6)a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now. A lot of time was wasted on that work.(7)and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数。但是两个名词若构成一个整体概念（即后一个名词前五冠词或其他限定词时）或主语具双重身份时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now. Fish and chips is very famous food. (8) there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定，即“邻近原则”如：There is a table and four chairs in the room. (9)用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(10)主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (11)eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right. Neither you nor I am going there. (12)表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time. Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distanc. (13)主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.A third of the students were playing near the lake. All of the water in these rivers has been polluted. 但是,population一词又有特殊情况： Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(用单数)Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(用复数)五、名词作定语(1)名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。如：paper tiger纸老虎 work places工作的地方(2)名词作定语时，个别情况也用复数形式。如：good trains货车 sports meeting运动会(3)名词作定语时，少数情况修饰词和被修饰词都有复数形式。如：woman teacher - women teachers名词专项练习一、写出下列名词的复数形式: photo_ radio_ potato_ tomato_ watch_ diary_ tooth_ foot_ Frenchman_ German_ mouse_ knife _ wolf_ roof_ man_doctor _woman_teacher _ boy student_ 二、既可作可数名词, 又可作不可数名词的词: glass _ (不可数名词) , _(可数名词) paper_(不可数名词), _ (可数名词) chicken_(不可数名词), _(可数名词)三、翻译:教师节_ 妇女节_ 母亲节_ 今天的报纸_ 走路10分钟的路程_一个朋友_ 四、填空 1There are two_ over there（watch）2I like taking _（photo）3l can see a _and two _ standing there（man，woman）4There are two baskets of_ on the floor（apple）5You often make a lot of_ in spelling（mistake）6Look at those_（child）7This is a_ Those are three_（knife）8He doesnt like these_（glass）9How many _can you see？（radio）10Thirty _live in this building（family）11. fishThere are many kinds of in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)I prefer to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)五 单项选择( ) 1. The children had _ in the park.A. good timesB. good timeC. the good timeD. a good time( )2.his is an interesting_. A. news B. information C. work D. job( )3. parents are _. A. English B. America C. Frenchman D. two English( )4 .om 110 on the second floor is the _ office. I know some of them. A. doctors B. doctors C. doctorsD. doctorss( )5. room is _. They are brothers. A. Tom and MikesB. Toms and MikesC. Toms and MikeD. Tom and Mike( )6.Can you see some _ on the hill? A. sheeps and deersB. sheeps and deerC. sheep and deersD. sheep and deer( )7How many _ shall we pay for the special service? A. money B. yuans C. dollars D. pound( )8.I have many friends here. Lily is _. A. mine friendB. a friend of myC. one of my D. one of them( )9.- Would you like some _?- Thank you, but I am not hungry. A. breads B. cakes C. oranges D. orange juice( )10.There are few _ for supper. Would you please buy some carrots and cabbages on your way home? A. meat B. eggs C. fruit D. vegetables( )11.- Would you like some _? - Oh, yes, just a little please. A. pears B. apples C. bananas D. milk( )12.ts _ walk from my home to our school. A. two minutesB. two minutes C. two minutes D. two-minutes六、读书破万卷。AIraq WarThe United States and Great Britain took the war on Iraq (伊拉克)in late March,2003. Over twenty days later, American soldiers were in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. They ended the government (政府)of Saddam. Thousands of Iraqi people died in the war. Saddam (萨达姆) , their president, 15 now in Americans hands, waiting for his last days to come.In some parts of the city there was no light because of the war. Some oil wells were set on fire. Now the Iraqi people need food, water and medicine. Many soldiers and people who were hurt in the war need hospital care. People also need a way to find their family members. After the war, some Iraqi people broke into Saddams palace, government buildings, and stores. They stole many things from Iraqi Museums. Others were angry that the U.S. sol­diers didnt stop the robbers.The reason for American soldiers taking the war is that they are looking for weapons of mass destruction(大规模杀伤性武器). But by June, they hadnt found any at all.1. Baghdad is the_of Iraq.A. presidentB. soldierC. capital D. government2. American soldiers took the war on Iraq for_, A. catching the president of Iraq B. robbing many things from IraqC. setting the oil wells on fire D. looking for weapons of mass destruction3. It is said that Saddam_A. has been caughtB. lives well in the U. SC. has been set freeD. has run away4. After the war, _broke into Saddams palace.A. the U. S. soldiers B. Great Britain soldiers C. some Iraqi people D. foreign tourists5. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The Iraqi people had enough food, water and medicine after the war. B. A lot of Iraqi people lost their lives and family members in the war.C. The U. S. soldiers tried to stop some Iraqi people from robbing any more.D. The United States and Great Britain fought for a good reason in Iraq.EChicago on a BudgetHow to have fun in Chicago without spending a lot of money? (B)Two-year-old hero Ye Chengfeng saved most of his family from a deadly gas leak(泄漏). As his grandfather lay dead, the child woke up his grandmother and saved five other family members from deaths.More and more British school kids use their mobile phones to cheat(作弊) in exams. They use them to send messages to get the answers. So far this year, 1,013 students were caught cheating with mobile phones. Teachers are now teaching themselves so they can find the cheats. They also ask the students to hand the phones in before exams.A new study shows that girl chimps(黑猩猩) are faster to use tools than boys! Experts found that girl chimps in East Africa use sticks to dig in the soil two years earlier than boys do. But they dont know why. Girls watched their moms work, but boys climbed trees. Yes, human girls always learn to write and draw first, but boys often run and play balls earlier than girls.In Germany, doctors have three ways to help kids who are addicted(上瘾的) to the Internet. First, learning art Kids learn painting or singing; second, doing sports Kids do swimming or horse riding. The last one is to go into nature K