第八讲 形容词和副词.doc

第八讲 形容词和副词一形容词定义：修饰名词，表示人或事物的属性和特征的词叫作形容词。(一) 形容词的分类： 类别说 明实 例描写性形容词表示人或事物的性质，描写颜色、大小、质量等Strong,firm,white, cold, new, interesting, large,spacious限制性形容词表示一事物或概念与另一事物或模仿在时间、地点等方面加以比较后所获得的特征；对被修饰词有限制作用Daily, Asian, first, my, this, that, these, those, many, such, only, same,very,superior, inferior, senior, junior,通常只能作表语的形容词描述主语的性质1) 以a-开头的形容词，如： afloat, afraid, akin, alert, alight, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, awake, aware等。这种形容词只是不能作前置定语，仅作后置定语，相当于定于从句中作表语。如rumor afloat(流言蜚语)，the greatest man alive(当今最伟大的人)， the only person awake then （当时唯一醒着的人）。 2) 某些表示健康状况的形容词，如：faint, fine, ill, poorly (身体不好的), unwell, well等。不过，在美国英语中，well也可以作定语，如：She is a well woman. (她是一个身体健康的妇女)，an ill person (一个邪恶的人), a sick person(一个病人)3) 某些必须后跟介词短语或不定式作补语的形容词，常见的answerable, bound, inclined, indebted, liable, loath, opposed, prone, subject等，如：The ship is bound for London. (这艘船驶往伦敦。) She is bound to win. (她一定会赢。) 例句： a. Im not alone in thinking so. 不只是我一个人有这种想法。b. The twins are so much alike that it is difficult to tell them apart. 这对双胞胎非常相似，以至于很难将他们区分开来。只能作定语的形容词表示相对关系former, latter, inner, outer, upper, elder表示强调意义mere, outright, utter, very表示限制意义Chief, join, only, principle, main, sole, solar, chemical, nuclear等复合形容词“形容词+名词+ed”形式的复合形容词这类形式的复合形容词是以名词为中心词的复合形容词的一种如：smooth-skinned, warm-blooded, short-sighted, good-tempered, tender-hearted, noble-minded等“名词+名词+ed”形式的复合形容词这类形式的复合形容词是以名词为中心词的复合形容词的另一种。如：chicken-hearted, honey-mouthed, paper-backed, warm-hearted(二).形容词的语法作用1) 形容词作定语a. 形容词作定语时的位置例句单个形容词作定语时前置No perpetual motion machine that has ever been tested has actually run or produced power for any significant period of time. As organic material decays slowly in peat, the remains of prehistoric animals are often found in the depths.形容词短语作定语时后置In general, the simpler plants appeared on the Earth before those more complicated in structure. Richard Wright enjoyed success and influence unparalleled among Black American writers of his era.b. 形容词作前置定语时的词序不同种类的形容词用来修饰同一名词时，其顺序大致按以下规律排列：名词前的形容词排序表代名形容词数量形容词性状形容词名词1234567891011放在冠词前的形容词冠词,指示代词，所有形容词，不定形容词序数基数性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍材料被修饰名词当两个或多个同一类别的形容词同时作前置定语时，它们之间须用and或but连接，或者用逗号隔开，如：a handsome and daring man; a tall, well-dressed doctor。-A broken small old grey stone bridge came into sight. 一座破旧不堪的、古老的灰色小石桥映入眼帘。-A physically-weak, thin-faced, grey-haired, dark-skinned tall old Indian man is seated over there. 一位白发苍苍、面容消瘦、体质虚弱、高个儿黑皮肤的印度老翁正坐在那儿。2) 形容词作宾语补足语时a. 形容词作宾语补足语时，通常位于宾语之后:-Organic chemistry has made many products possible. 有机化学的出现使得好多产品成为可能。但有时为了结构平衡，可将补语提前。 - People find it difficult to learn Greek.b. 当宾语带有较长的后置定语时，作宾语补足语的形容词往往位于宾语之前：-X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible to observe. X射线能穿透物体，从而使人能详细地看到物体的内部构造；假如没有X射线的话，要做到这一点是不可能的。-The use of computer makes possible the quick calculation of many figures that will previously take man years of hard work to do. 使用计算机能够很快地计算出许多数据，要是在以前，这得花费人们好几年的功夫去做。3) 形容词(短语)作状语-She pays her rent regular. 她定期付租金。-When contented, and occasionally when hungry, cats frequently make a purring sound. 猫在感到满足、或偶尔感到饥饿时，总会发出呜呜声。 上面两句中， regular和hungry分别作方式状语和时间状语，这种无动词结构相当于省略形式的状语从句： When （they are） contented, and occasionally when （they are） hungry 4) 形容词与定冠词连用作主语或宾语 形容词前加定冠词the可用来指某一类人或事物，作主语或宾语。-We should subordinate our personal interest to that of the collective. 我们的个人利益应该服从集体利益。-The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫干活。(三) 形容词的原级、比较级和最高级1)原级比较: as as; not so / as as; the same as-Mary is as tall as but not as / so strong as Jane. -This road is as wide as that one =. This road is the same width as that one. -This box is as heavy as that one. = This box is the same weight as that one.2) 比较级比较: -er than; more than; less than; fewer than-Im much busier today than I was yesterday. - Tim is more humorous than Tim.-Why is there less traffic on the streets in February than in May? - There were fewer errors in your composition than in his.3) 最高级: -est (of); the most (of / among/ in )-Here are three motors. Which one is the biggest? -China is the largest of all the countries in Asia. 4）修饰比较级的程度副词（短语）：much, even, still, far, slightly, 3 percent, two-thirds, a lot, a little, a great dea l+比较级 by far, much, very 的用法- This book is far easier to read than that one.-Your suggestion is much more valuable than mine.-He feels a little more tired than he did yesterday.- He is by far the tallest in his class./ He is taller than anyone else by far in his class.- This is the very best offer that she can give us./ This is much the best offer that she can give us5)渐进比较）: be getting + -er / more and more+ adj./adv原级 - Its getting hotter and hotter.-She is getting more and more sensible.6)平行比较正比: the more+ adj./adv原级, the more+ adj./adv原级 反比: the more, the less -The more you read, the more you will understand.-The cleverer he got, the greedy he was-The more pocket money Tom spent, the less(of it ) was left.7)比较级表示最高级: er/ more+ adj./adv原级 than anyone else /anybody else/ any of the others -Jack runs faster than anybody else / any of the other students/ any of the others in this class.= Jack runs fastest in this class.-This kind of beast is more dangerous than any of the other beasts here.= This kind of beast is the most dangerous here.8)序数词最高级 the first/ second biggest -The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.9)与其。到不如 more than - He is more brave than clever.-Your advice is more practical than valuable.10). not more/-er than和 no more/ -er than- Theres not more than 100 yuan in the wallet. (客观叙述)-I spent no more than 150 yuan last week. （带感情色彩）- He is no fitter for the job than a school boy is. （带感情色彩）-Jack is no cleverer than Tim is.-This film is no more instructive than that one is.11). A is four times as much as B.- A is three times more than B.12). A is larger than B by-Im older than you by 10 years.-Ive stayed here longer than you have by 12 years.13). A is the same + n. as B-This room is the same size as that one.-This builging is the same height as that one.-This river is the same width/breadth as that one.-this girl is the same age as that girl.14). A is best intime/ condition (最高级前不用the情况)-Beijing is best/ most beautiful in Autumn.-The moon is roundest on Aug. 15 every year.15)more than, other than, rather than, no other than/ none other than- Im more than happy to see you.-The whole class, other than Tom, will attend the lecture.-It was Martin, rather than Brith, who brke the window.-The comer was no/ none other than the headmaster himself.16). Of the two A is the better/ the more.- Of the two girls Mary is the healthier.-Of the two students Jane is the more patient.- Mary is the most perseverant of/ among all the students in her class.17). that, those 在比较级中的指代作用 （比较要同类）- Your attitude is not that of a comrade.-The tape-recorder on your desk is more expensive than that/the one on my desk.-The lights in our classroom are brighter than those/ the ones in theirs.18). Just as so ; What that （类比句型）- Just as water is to fish, so air is to man.- What wine to French, that beer is to German.-Just as they must put aside their prejudices, so we must be prepared to accept their good faith(诚意).-What parks are to a city, that lungs are to a city.19). 若一句子包含两个比较结构，则其两个连词均不能省略。- Your composition is at lease as good as, if not better than, mine.20). 比较状语从句的倒装形式-He is taller than is she.-You have more books than have I.-Mary dances better than does Jane.-We can contribute more to our society than can they.- I traveled farther than did you last week.21). 比较状语从句的省略形式- Dont buy more than is necessary for you.- Dont eat more than is good for you.22). 没有比较级或最高级形式的形容词：A. 只能作定语的表示相对关系的形容词，如：former，latter，inner，outer，upper， elder 等。B. 只能作定语的表示强调意义的形容词，如：mere，outright (completely)，utter，very等。C. 只能作定语的表示限制意义的形容词，如：chief，joint，main，only, principle，sole，chemical， nuclear，solar等。D. 表示绝对意义的形容词，如：average，equal, square, round，perfect，excellent，unique, infinite，extreme，right，wrong，left, right等。E. 一些源于拉丁语的形容词，如：major，minor，senior (to)，junior (to) , superior (to) ，inferior (to)，prior (to) 等。（四）混淆形容词的比较Considerable (值得考虑的，相当的), considerate (考虑周到，体谅人的), considered (深思熟虑的) Respectable (值得尊敬的), respected (受到尊敬的), respectful (毕恭毕敬的), respective (各自的)Imaginative (富有想象力的), imaginary (想象中的), imaginable (可以想象的) Convinced (确信的), convincing (令人信服的，肯定的) Sensitive (敏感的), sensible (明智的),insensible (无知觉的，没有觉察的), senseless (毫无意义的) Satisfied (感到满意的), satisfactory (圆满的，令人满意的), satisfying (令人满意的) Beneficial (有益的), beneficent (仁慈的) Childlike(天真无邪的), childish(幼稚，不成熟的)，childless (没孩子的) Comparable(可比拟的), comparative(比较的) Contemptible (可鄙视的), comtemptuous (表示轻视的) Continuous (不间断的，连续的), continual (不时的，有间隔的) Desirable (称心合意的，可取的), desirous (渴望的) Economic (经济的), economical (节俭的，精打细算的，经济的) Historical (有关/ 基于历史的，历史学的), historic (历史性的，历史上有重大意义的) Electric (用电的，电动的，发/带电的), electrical (与电有关的), electronical (电子的) Intelligent (聪明的，有才智的),intelligible (可被理解的，易被领悟的) Healthy (健康的), healthful (有益于健康的) Ingenious (灵巧的，机敏的),ingenous (坦率的，单纯的) Practical (实用的，实际的),practicable(可实行的，可用的) Regretful (懊悔的，惋惜的), regrettable (令人遗憾/惋惜的) Worth (值得的，有价值的),worthy (值得尊敬/重视的), worthwhile (值得花时间/ 精力的) Pleased (感到高兴/ 满意的), pleasing (招人喜爱的，令人愉快/满意的), pleasant (令人愉快的)Troubled (受打扰的，操心的), troublesome (令人讨厌/ 恼怒的)Tired (疲劳的，厌倦的),tiring (累人的), tiresome (令人厌烦的)Valuable (有价值的，贵重/值钱的),invaluable (非常宝贵的，价值高得无法估量的), valueless (无价值的), priceless (贵重的，无法估价的), worthless (无价值的，无用的)二.副词 定义：修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词称为副词。(一) 副词的种类及位置1) 时间和频度副词：包括表示时间、频度以及其他时间关系的副词 如：now, then, yesterday, ago, before, just now, later (on), lately, recently, always, often, sometimes, hardly ever, already, yet, late, soon, at first, at last, immediately, right away等。还有一些以-ly结尾，与形容词同形的副词，如：hourly, daily, nightly, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, yearly, early, deadly, only等。下面以ever为例，说明其用法：ever可作“曾经”解，多与完成时态连用。Every other machine ever invented = every other machine which has ever been invented. “as+形容词 / 副词+as ever”是习语，意为“和以前一样”。如：as serious as ever = as serious as it has been at any time。2) 地点副词：包括表示地点和表示位置关系的副词 如：here, there, upstairs, anywhere, everywhere, above, below, in, across, back, over, round, away, near, off, on, inside, past等。3) 方式副词：绝大多数由形容词加词尾“ly”构成表示行为的方式 如：anxiously, badly, bravely, absurdly, fluently, gratefully, intentionally, calmly, properly, carelessly, awkwardly, heartedly, slowly, softly, warmly等。注意：有一些副词兼有不带-ly与带-ly两种形式，但通常有不同的含义。a. 有些副词不带-ly的形式表示具体意义，带-ly的形式表示抽象或引申意义。-Her eyes were wide open. 她眼睛睁得大大的。-She is widely known as a good doctor. 作为医生，她广为人知。 -They buried the box deep. 他们把盒子深埋起来。-They were deeply moved. 他们深受感动。这种类型的副词还有close-closely. high-highly, near-nearly等。b. 有些副词不带-ly的形式为强化副词，带-ly的形式为方式副词。-He clean forgot about it. 他把它忘得一干二净。 -He lives cleanly. 他平日爱清洁。 -It is pretty cold today. 今天相当冷。-She is prettily dressed. 她打扮得很漂亮。这种类型的副词还有clear-clearly, just-justly, square-squarely等。c. 不带-ly的形式通常为后位副词，带-ly的形式通常为中位副词。-We must stand firm. 我们必须坚定不移。 -We must firmly bear this in mind. 我们必须牢记这一点。 -You spelt my name right / wrong. 你把我的名字拼对/错了。-The word was rightly / wrongly spelt. 这个词拼对/错了。这种类型的副词还有fine-finely, fair-fairly, thick-thickly等。4)程度副词：有much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty,fairly, extremely, considerably, entirely, greatly, completely, awfully, terribly,definitely, scarcely等。这类副词多用来修饰形容词或副词，一般前置， 有少数可修饰动词或介词短语。下面以even, only, enough为例说明程度副词的几点用法：a. even 的意义和用法程度副词even作“甚至；即使”解，紧靠在它所修饰的词语之前。-Even a child can understand this book. 连一个孩子都能看懂这本书。b. only作状语时的位置用以强调的副词only通常紧靠在它所修饰的词语之前。-Only members may use the library. 只有会员才可以使用这个图书馆。-He finished his essay only yesterday. 他只在昨天才写完那篇文章。c. enough作状语时的位置程度副词enough作状语时位于所修饰的形容词、副词或动词之后。-She plays the piano well enough for a beginner. 作为初学者，她钢琴弹奏得相当不错了。-You dont practice enough on the piano.你钢琴弹奏练得不够。-George is not intelligent enough to pass this economics class without help. 乔治不够聪明，没有人帮助，他这门经济学课程他不会及格。5) 疑问副词：是用来引导特殊疑问句的。-How are you getting along with your studies? 你最近学习怎么样？6) 连接副词：可用来引导主语、宾语、状语或表语从句。有when, where, why, how, wherever, however, nevertheless, yet 等。-He wondered how he should do the job. 他不知道该如何来做这件事。7) 表示上下文逻辑关系的副词：这类副词是句与句之间体现逻辑思维的连接手段，根据意义，连接副词可以分为以下几类：a. 表示列举和补充，如：first，second; firstly，secondly；anyhow，anyway；again，also，too，besides，further，furthermore；moreover，next，then；equally，likewise，similarly等；b. 表示总结，如：thus，therefore，altogether等；c. 表示解释，如namely；d. 表示话题转换，如：incidentally，meanwhile，now，well等；e. 表示结果，如：accordingly，consequently，hence，therefore等f. 表示否定的条件，如：or, else，otherwise等；g. 表示让步，如：however，nevertheless，only，still，though等；h. 表示对比，如：alternatively，conversely，instead等。连接副词最常见的位置是在句首；表示解释的连接副词也可位于句中:-My watch is old; nevertheless, it is in good condition. 我的手表旧了，然而它走得很好。-Its true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer. We wont take a new one, though, because we dont feel as safe on it. 确实，这条旧路没有新路那样笔直，而且也稍长一些。不过，我们不愿走新路，因为我们觉得走新路没有旧路安全。-The train was heavy and consequently the land was flooded. 这场雨很大，所以田地被淹了。8) 关系副词：用来引导定语从句，如where, when, why。-Gone forever are the days when I had to take tests. 我必须参加考试的日子已经一去不复返了。-Is that the reason why you didnt buy a new bike? 那就是你不买新自行车的原因吗？-Is this the house where you were born? 你是在这个房子里出生的吗？9)修饰整个句子的副词：这些副词不是修饰句子的某个成分，而是表示说话人对自己所说的话的态度，具体有以下三类：a. 表示说话人在说 话时的态度，如：honestly, personally, seriously, incidentally b. 表示说 话人对某一动作或情况可能性的评论，如：actually, certainly, clearly, indeed, maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably, really c. 表示说话人对某一动作或情况的反应，如：hopefully, luckily, naturally, surprisingly。修饰句子的副词通常位于句首，其后有逗号。-Personally, I dont like him at all. 就我而言，我一点儿都不喜欢他。-Luckily, she wasnt injured. 幸运的是，她没有受伤。-I must go now. Incidentally, if you want that book Ill bring it next time. 我 现在必须走了。顺便说一句，你要是想要那本书，我下次把它带来。-Seriously, I wish to work here. 说实在的，我希望在这儿工作。(二)某些副词词义辨析1) already 与yet的区别already 与yet都与完成时谓语动词连用，yet仅用于否定句和疑问句； already通常仅用于陈述句，它用于疑问句时表示惊奇。-Have you finished lunch already? Its only 12 oclock! 你已经吃过饭了？现在才12点钟啊！-The governor has not decided how to deal with the problems yet. 州长尚未决定如何处理这些问题。2) very 与much的区别(1) 作为强调副词，very主要修饰形容词或副词的原级，还可修饰含形容词意义的现在分词，如：very interesting。(2) much作为强调副词除了用于修饰形容词和副词的比较级之外，还可修饰admire, appreciate, regret等动词。-I much admire what you have done. 我非常羡慕你所做的事。-They dont much care about it. 他们对此不太在乎。much还可修饰被动语态中的谓语动词.-The house was much damaged. 这房子被破坏得很严重。3) well 与good的区别good只能作形容词；well除了作副词以外，还可作表语形容词，有“健康”和“令人满意”之意。-Hes not well. 他的身体不好。-It seems that all is not well at home. 看起来家中并非事事如意。4) not与none的区别not 作为副词主要构成否定，如mustnt, havent dont 等；还用于not until, not much, not that but that, not all, not a 等表达形式中。None 作为副词时有两个主要用法：a. 以none the （毫不） 的形式位 于better, worse, wiser等形容词比较级之前。-She looks none the better for her holiday. 她在度假后看上去身体一点儿都没有好转。b.以none too / so（毫不） 的形式位于形容词或副词之前。-The salary they pay me is none too high.他们付给我的工资不是太高。-She is none（比not语意强）so fond of her son. 她毫不喜欢儿子。5) so 与too的区别a. “so + 形容词/副词” 结构之后跟that引导的结果状语从句。-Gypsum is so soft that it is easy to scratch it with a fingernail. 石膏非常软，很容易用指甲把它划出印痕。b.“too + 形容词/副词”结构之后常跟带to的不定式，作结果状语，意为“太以至不能”，通常可转换成sothat.not.的句型。-My coffee is too hot to drink.（相当于My coffee is so hot that I cant drink it.）我的咖啡太热了，没法喝。c. cannot too 结构意为：无论怎样也不过分；越越好。-You cannot praise the film too highly. 这部电影你怎么称赞都不过分。-One can never be too careful in the test. 考试时无论怎样仔细都不为过。(三) 副词的原级、比较级与最高级1) 副词的原级-She writes as clearly as her sister. 她写得与她妹妹一样清楚。 He doesnt run so/as fast as his deskmate. 他跑得没他的同桌快。2) 副词的比较级-Watercolors dry faster than other paints. 水彩颜料比其他颜料干得快些。-She is more of a musician than her brother. 她比她哥哥更具有音乐家的素质。3) 副词的最高级-No other beverage comes close to rivaling coffee as the most widely drunk refreshment in the world. 其他任何饮料都比不上在全世界饮用最广泛的咖啡。-She performed the play most awfully today. 她今天演的这场戏可谓最糟了。(4) 修饰形容词或副词比较程度的词语1) 用于形容词或副词原级前的词语有：exactly, just, nearly, almost, hardly, twice, three times 等，如：exactly as big as, twice as many as。2) 用于形容词或副词比较级前的词语有：表示“一点儿“的slightly, a little, a bit等；表示“得多”的much, many, a lot, greatly, a great deal, far 等; 表示“更”的有even和 still, 如：a little longer than; many more books than; far better than; even more difficult than; 表示确定程度的 two years, a head, ten times等，如：two year older than; a head taller than; ten times more than. 3) 修饰形容词或副词最高级的表达有：by far, the second, the third等， 如：by far the fi