天津市高考英语二轮复习 第三部分 阅读理解 专题十七 词义猜测课件.ppt

专题十七词义猜测 2 考情概览 考试说明 指出 正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步 也是理解文章的基础 但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思 其含义随不同的语境会有所不同 能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义 才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力 此外 阅读文章时 常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词 但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来 这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力 是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力 因此也是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力 词义猜测题主要是测试考生根据上下文判断生词或新短语意义的能力 阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词 事实上 阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系 考生可以利用语境 各种已知信息 推测 判断某些生词的词义 3 1 词义猜测题常见的命题方式有以下几种 1 theword inthepassagemeans 2 theword couldbebestreplacedby 3 whichofthefollowingisnearest closestinmeaningtotheword 4 theword probablyrefersto 5 accordingtothepassage theword isknownas 2 词义猜测题解题策略 1 根据定义 解释和复述猜测词义这种情况下 生词往往出现在前面 定义或解释跟在生词的后面 也可由or或破折号引出 因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义 生词的含义也就清楚了 释义部分可以是单词 短语 也可以是列举的句子 在做这类题时 要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语 在句中多用逗号 破折号 冒号 分号 等来连接 4 典例分析 2017 天津卷 c thismonth germany stransportminister alexanderdobrindt proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles 自主驾驶车辆 theywoulddefinethedriver sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe deathvalley ofautonomousvehicles thegreyareabetweensemi autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture 5 46 whatdoesthephrase deathvalley inparagraph2referto a aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown b acasewherepassingalawisimpossible c anareawherenodrivingispermitted d asituationwheredrivers roleisnotclear 词义猜测题 根据第一段的最后一句可知 交通部长的提议将会明确司机的责任 根据第二段的 thegreyareabetweensemi autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture 可知 这个提议旨在处理半自主驾驶与完全自主驾驶之间的不明确的情形 故选d项 6 2 根据搭配 对比关系猜测词义分析句子结构 辨别句子成分 分清搭配关系 是判断词义的前提 通过搭配关系可以确定画线名词指代的对象是人还是物 另外 转折词but 让步 条件状语从句以及unlike inspiteof despite however等一些介词和副词 短语 都可以构成意义上的对比关系 7 典例分析 anotherbeneficialaspectofgroupexerciseistheinformationalsupportparticipantsreceivefromtheinstructor manypeoplefearthegymbecausetheyfeellostanddon twanttoembarrassthemselves ifyoufeelyoucanrelate thengrouptrainingisanevenbetteroptionforyou it sagreatopportunitytolearnmoreaboutfitnessthroughtheclearinstructionandsupervision 监管 ofafitnessinstructor ifyou retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat llkeepyourworkoutontrack don tletfitnessfrightenyou 8 73 theunderlinedword upbeat inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans a cheerfulb averagec seriousd temporary词义猜测题 根据前面出现的 becomingbored 可判断 作者建议你参加一个活泼愉快的健身班 该词的含义应该与 bored 相反 故选择a项 9 3 利用构词法猜测词义 根据前缀猜测词义如 doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco educationalorsingle sexschools 根据词根educational 教育的 结合前缀co 共同 一起 我们便可以猜出co educational意为 男女同校教育的 根据后缀猜测词义如 it saquiet comfortablehoteloverlooking 俯瞰 thebayinanuncommercializedcornishfishingvillageonengland smostsoutherlypoint 后缀 ise ize意为 使成为 使 化 结合词根commercial 商业的 不难猜出uncommercialized意为 未被商业化的 10 典例分析 q question a answer situation q ifsomeonesitsrightnexttomeinanemptymovietheater isitrudetomove a maybe butnobodywillfaultyouforit chancesarethattheclosesitterdoesn trealizehedisturbsyou sohemaymissyourannoyance youundoubtedlyaren tthefirstpersonhe smetwhoneedsenoughroom forgivehisbadjudgment movequietlyandenjoytheshow 11 situation q ifiusetherestroomatastore doineedtobuysomething a considerfrequencyandurgency isthisaone timethingoranemergency ifso youdon thavetobuyanything butitwouldbekindifyoudid however ifyouregularlyusetherestroomatthisplace thenyouareacustomer andyoushouldactlikeone situation q ifsomeoneistalkingloudlyonthebus isthereanicewaytoaskhimtokeepitdown a no tryothermeans 1 stareathimuntilhegetsawareofitandquietsdown 2 liftyourfingerinasilencemotion 动作 andsmile 3 putonearphonesandignorehim 12 situation q ifiremembermyfriend sbirthdayadaylate shouldiapologizeorjustwishherahappybirthdaylikenothinghappened a thisisthereasonwhythewordbelatedwasinvented happybelatedbirthday isshortfor well iknowiforgot buttheniremembered forgivemeandhappybirthday situation q canilieaboutseeingatextbecauseiwastoobusyorlazytorespond 回复 toit a don tlie receivingatextdoesnotmeanyouneedtorespondtoit whywasteaperfectlygoodliewhenthetruthwillserve yes youcansayifeverasked isawit noexplanationisneededastowhyyoudon trespond 13 theunderlinedword belated insituation probablymeans a predictedb returnedc cancelledd delayed词义猜测题 由第四个情景对话 q 中的 adaylate 及画线词belated本身中的词根late可以推出答案为d项delayed 拖延的 迟到的 14 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义如 goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries well designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward 别扭的 handpositions well designed或许是个生词 但我们分析该词的结构后 就能推测出其含义 它由well 好 优秀 和design 设计 两部分组成 合在一起便是 设计精巧的 之意 weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass producedbyunskilledlabor becauseofthis mostpeoplethinkthatcraft 手艺 nolongerexists 根据合成词中的mass 大量的 和produce 生产 我们可以推测mass produced的意思是 大批量生产的 大规模生产的 15 4 根据上下文信息判断词义根据上下文信息猜测词义题占此类题的绝大部分 做题时既要注意画线词前的信息 也要注意画线词后的信息 有时有参考价值的信息会延伸到上下段落中 16 典例分析 2017 全国 卷 d abuild it yourselfsolarstill 蒸馏器 isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable developedbytwodoctorsintheu s departmentofagriculture it sanexcellentwatercollector unfortunately youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou sinceit sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes theonlycomponentsrequired though area5 5 sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic sixfeetofplastictube andacontainer perhapsjustadrinkingcup tocatchthewater thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt 17 toconstructaworkingstill useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher sproductivity placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup andout thesideofthehole 18 33 whatdoestheunderlinedphrase thewatercatcher inparagraph2referto a thetube b thestill c thehole d thecup 词义猜测题 从文章第二段的 toconstructaworkingstill 和画线词后的productivity可推断出画线部分指的是thestill 故选b项 19 5 根据常识判断词义根据常识猜测词义时 要注意 度 即 要在忠于原文信息的前提下 适当借助经验和常识来猜测词义 不能脱离原文中的实际进行夸大的猜测 典例分析 peoplearen twalkinganymore iftheycanfigureoutawaytoavoidit ifeltsuperioraboutthismatteruntiltheotherdayitookmycartomailasmallparcel thejourneyisamatterof281steps butiusedthecar andiwasn tinanyhurry either ihadmerelybecomeonemorevictimofanationalsickness motorosis 20 itisanillnesstowhichihadthoughtmyselfimmune 免疫的 foriwasbredinthetraditionofgoingtoplacesonmyowntwolegs atthattime weregarded25milesasagoodday swalkandtheabilitytocoversuchadistanceintenhoursasasignofstrengthandskill itdidnotoccurtousthatwalkingwasahardship andtheeffectwaslasting wheniwas45yearsoldiraced andbeat ateenagefootballplayerthe168stepsupthestatueofliberty suchenterprisestodayareregardedbymanymiddle agedpersonsasbadfortheheart butawell knownbritishphysician siradolpheabrahams pointedoutrecentlythatheartsandbodiesneedproperexercise apersonwhoavoidsexerciseismorelikelytohaveillnessesthanonewhoexercisesregularly andwalkingisanidealformofexercise themostfamiliarandnaturalofall 21 itwashenrythoreauwhoshowedmankindtherichnessofgoingonfoot themanwalkingcanlearnthetrees flowers insects birdsandanimals thesignificanceofseasons theveryfeelofhimselfasalivingcreatureinalivingworld hecannotlearninacar thecarisaconvenientmeansoftransport butwehavemadeitourwayoflife manypeopledon tdaretoapproachnatureanymore tothemtheworldtheywereborntoenjoyisallthreat tothemsecurityisasteelriverthunderingonaconcreteroad andmuchoftheirthinkingtakesplacewhilewaitingforthetrafficlighttoturngreen isaythatthegreenofforestsisthemind sbestlight andnonebutthemanonfootcanevaluatewhatisbasicandeverlasting 22 whatiscomparedto asteelriver inparagraph6 a aqueueofcars b arayoftrafficlight c aflashoflightning d astreamofpeople 词义猜测题 本段主要讲述的是人们过分依赖汽车 对他们来说 安全就是一条在混凝土路上呼啸而过的 钢铁长河 根据常识判断asteelriver指的是一长列汽车 答案为a项 23 a b c lifeistobeenjoyed there snopointingivingupsomethingyouenjoyunlessyougetsomethingbackthat sevenbetter whenpeopleeatmorehealthfully exercise quitsmoking andmanagestressbetter theyfindthattheyfeelsomuchbetterthatitreconstructsthereasonformakingthesechangesfromfearofdyingtojoyofliving thelateststudiesshowthatwhenyouexerciseandeatright yourbrainreceivesmorebloodflowandoxygen soyoubecomesmarter thinkmoreclearly havemoreenergy andneedlesssleep twostudiesshowedthatjustwalkingforthreehoursperweekforonlythreemonthscausedsomanynewneurons 神经细胞 togrowthatitactuallyincreasedthesizeofpeople sbrains 24 a b c yourfacereceivesmorebloodflow soyourskinglowsmoreandwrinkles 皱纹 less youlookyoungerandmoreattractive incontrast anunhealthydiet chronicemotionalstressandsmokingreducebloodflowtoyourfacesoyouagemorequickly smokingacceleratesagingbecausenicotinecausesyourarteries 动脉 tonarrowdown whichdecreasesbloodflowtoyourfaceandmakesitwrinkleearlier thisiswhysmokerslookyearsolderthantheyreallyare yourgeneschange inmay astudywaspublishedintheproceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciencesshowingthatchangingyourlifestylechangesyourgenes 25 a b c yourtelomeres 染色体端粒 getlonger telomeresaretheendsofourchromosomes 染色体 thatcontrolhowlongwelive astelomeresbecomeshorter thencellsagemorequickly thusshorteningyourlife besides oneofthemostinterestingfindingsinthestudywasthatthemothers awarenessofstresswasmoreimportantthanwhatwasreallyoccurringintheirlives theresearchersgavethewomenaquestionnaireandaskedthemtorateonathree pointscalehowstressedtheyfelteachday andhowoutofcontroltheirlivesfelttothem thewomenwhowereawarethattheywereunderheavystresshadsignificantlyshortenedanddamagedtelomerescomparedwiththosewhofeltmorerelaxed onthecontrary someofthewomenwhofeltrelaxeddespiteraisingadisabledchildhadmorenormal appearingtelomeres 26 a b c inotherwords ifyoufeelstressed youarestressed ifyoufeelfine youarefine 语篇导读 本文是一篇调查报告 最新研究发现 适当的锻炼 正确的饮食和愉悦的心情能给人带来很多益处 比如一个人的大脑会有更多的血液流动 带来更多的氧气 人就会思维活跃 精力更加充沛 此外 面部皱纹也会减少 看上去更年轻更漂亮 而吸烟 不恰当的饮食和不良情绪则会加速一个人的衰老和死亡 27 a b c 1 whichofthefollowingaregoodforlengtheningone slife accordingtothepassage eathealthyfood drinkplentyofwater takeexercise getupearly gotosleepearly releaseone sstressa b c d a 解析细节理解题 根据文章第一段第三句 whenpeopleeatmorehealthfully exercise quitsmoking andmanagestressbetter theyfindthattheyfeelsomuchbetter 可知a项正确 28 a b c 2 theunderlinedwords yourskinglows inparagraph3areclosestinmeaningto a yourskinbecomeswhiteasthereisplentyofsunshineb yourskinbecomessmoothasthereismuchbloodinitc yourskinlookspinkasyouarehealthyd yourskinbecomessoftasyouexerciseenough c 解析词义猜测题 根据下文 youlookyoungerandmoreattractive 可推测出 如果一个人看上去更年轻更漂亮的话 皮肤应该是健康的颜色 故c项正确 29 a b c 3 intheauthor sopinion whenyouexerciseandeatright youwillexperiencesomechangesexcept a brainsbecomingclevererb faceshavingfewerwrinklesc arteriesturningnarrowerd genesbeingchanged c 解析细节理解题 由文章第三段第四句 smokingacceleratesagingbecausenicotinecausesyourarteries 动脉 tonarrowdown 可知 是吸烟这种不健康的习惯导致动脉血管变窄 故选c项 30 a b c 4 fromthelastbutoneparagraphwelearnthat a motherswillhavemoredamagedtelomeresiftheyraiseadisabledchildb mothersdon tknowhowtohandlestresseffectivelyc somewomenwereaskedtofilloutaquestionnaireabouteducatingchildrend mothers positiveattitudesarethekeytomanagingtheirstress d 解析推理判断题 根据文章倒数第二段第一句 besides oneofthemostinterestingfindingsinthestudywasthatthemothers awarenessofstresswasmoreimportantthanwhatwasreallyoccurringintheirlives 以及后文的调查结果可知 母亲们对压力的积极态度是成功应对压力的关键 故d项正确 31 a b c 5 thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe a eatbetter livebetterb feelbetter livelongerc lessstress fewerdiseasesd smokemore agesooner b 解析主旨大意题 文章开头提出 lifeistobeenjoyed 然后讲述了健康的饮食 适当的锻炼和对压力的正确处理给人们带来的益处 最后总结概括 inotherwords ifyoufeelstressed youarestressed ifyoufeelfine youarefine 由此可知 文章的最佳标题为b项 其他选项都是片面的 32 a b c whenhabengirmawasincollegeatlewis clark shehadtosolveaproblemthatfewotherstudentshavefaced asadeaf blindstudentwithverylimitedsightandhearing shehadahardtimefiguringoutthefoodstationsinherschool scafeteria assheexplainedinaspeechonjan 16 2012 attheperkinsschoolfortheblind shecameupwithaplanthatshewouldbeemailedthemenueachdayforeachstationandcouldpickherdestinationaccordingly insteadofjusttakingwhateverwasputonherplate butthecafeteriasenttheemailonlyabouthalfthetime whenshewrotetothecafeteriamanagertocomplain heresponded asshedescribedinherspeech thattheywereverybusy thattheyweredoingmeabigfavor andthatishouldstopcomplainingandbemoreappreciative 33 a b c atthatpoint girmaturnedtothelaw iexplainedthattitle oftheamericanswithdisabilitiesact ada requiresbusinessestomakereasonableaccommodationsforpersonswithdisabilities ifthecafeteriarefusedtodothis iwouldsue 起诉 themanagerfoundherduringmealtimethenextdayandapologized andfromthenonshereceivedthemenueachday 34 a b c girma sparentsandteacherstaughtherfromanearlyagethatherlifeneednotbelimitedbyherdisabilitiesandthateachproblemhadasolution atherlocalpublicschoolinoakland calif shelearnedsignlanguageandbraille shetriedrockclimbing skiing bikinganddance yetherparentsinitiallyhesitatedwhen duringhighschool girmatoldthemshewantedtovolunteerinmaliwithagroupbuildingschools iwas15andiwastravelingoutsidethecountrywithoutfamily shesays anditwasamazing itreallyhelpeddevelopmyconfidence ificangotobuildaschoolinwestafrica icangotolawschool girmaisrightbecausesheisnowastudentatharvardlawschool 语篇导读 本文是记叙文 文章讲述了残疾人habengirma争取自身权益并不断提升自我的故事 35 a b c 1 whatdoestheunderlinedword they inparagraph2referto a girma steachers b girma sclassmates c disabledstudentslikegirma d thestaffintheschoolcafeteria d 解析代词指代题 由第二段可知 girma要求学校自助食堂将每天每个食品站的菜单用电子邮件发送给她 但是自助食堂只有一半的时间做到 girma就此问题投诉后 自助食堂的经理答复说食堂的工作人员很忙等 故画线词指代 学校自助食堂的工作人员 36 a b c 2 girmagotthemenuasrequiredsoonafter a sheputforwardtheplanb shevisitedthecafeteriamanagerc shedeclaredthatshewouldsuethecafeteriad shewrotetothecafeteriamanagertocomplain c 解析细节理解题 由第三段可知 投诉无效后 girma声明食堂如果拒绝将每天每个食品站的菜单用电子邮件发送给她 她将依法起诉食堂 第二天食堂经理就向她道歉并答应了她的要求 37 a b c 3 beingtoldthatgirmawantedtovolunteerinmali herparents a expresseddifferentopinionsb stronglydisagreedontheideac immediatelyshowedfirmsupportd permittedhertogoaftersomehesitation d 解析推理判断题 由最后一段的 yetherparentsinitiallyhesitated 及 iwas15andiwastravelingoutsidethecountrywithoutfamily shesays 可推断 girma的父母一开始很犹豫 后来才允许她去马里当志愿者 38 a b c 4 throughthevolunteerexperienceinmali girma a becamemoreconfidentb developedaninterestinlawc realizedtheimportanceoftravelingd wasdeterminedtobuildmoreschools a 解析细节理解题 由最后一段末的 itreallyhelpeddevelopmyconfidence ificangotobuildaschoolinwestafrica icangotolawschool 可知 a项正确 39 a b c 5 whatcanwelearnfromgirma a nevercomplain b thecustomerisalwaysright c actionsspeaklouderthanwords d godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves d 解析推理判断题 通读全文可知 作为残疾人 girma依法维护自己的权益 不断挑战自我 不让身体缺陷限制自己的发展 最终成为哈佛法学院的学生 故d项正确 40 a b c ioncemetawell knownbotanistatadinnerparty ihadnevertalkedwithabotanistbefore andifoundhimveryinteresting isatthereabsorbedandlistenedwhilehespokeofunusualplantsandhisexperiments heeventoldmeastonishingfactsaboutthesimplepotato ihadasmallindoorgardenofmyown andhewasgoodenoughtotellmehowtosolvesomeofmyproblems asisaid wewereatadinnerparty theremusthavebeenadozenotherguests butibrokeanimportantruleofpoliteness iignoredeveryoneelseandtalkedforhourstothebotanist midnightcame isaidgoodnighttoeveryoneanddeparted thebotanistthenturnedtoourhostandsaidmanynicethingsaboutme includingthatiwasa mostinterestingconversationalist 41 a b c aninterestingconversationalist ihadsaidhardlyanythingatall icouldn thavesaidanythingifihadwantedtowithoutchangingthesubject forididn tknowanymoreaboutplantsthaniknewaboutsharks butihaddonethisonething ihadlistenedcarefully ilistenedbecauseiwasreallyinterested andhefeltit naturallythatpleasedhim thatkindoflisteningisoneofthebestwaystoshowrespecttoothers anditmakesthemfeelgreattoo fewhumanbeings wrotejackwoodfordinstrangersinlove canresistthesweeteffectofraptattention iwentevenfurtherthanthat iwassincereinmyadmirationandgenerousinmypraise 42 a b c itoldhimthatihadbeenhugelyentertainedandinstructed itoldhimiwishedihadhisknowledge itoldhimthatishouldlovetowanderthefieldswithhim what smore itwasalltrue andsoihadhimthinkingofmeasagoodconversationalistwhen inreality ihadonlybeenagoodlistenerandhadencouragedhimtotalk 语篇导读 本文是一篇记叙文 作者以自己的亲身经历告诉我们倾听的重要性和一个健谈的人应具备的品质 43