美国snell教授讲稿--通过知识竞争来赢得优势中英文对照

,Scott A. SnellCornell University393 Ives HallIthaca, NY 14853(607) 255-4112,Competing through Knowledge:The Human Capital Architecture通过知识竞争：人力资本架构,IBM,“You can get capital and erect buildings, but it takes people to build a business.”“你能得到资金和高楼大厦，但你需要员工才能完成交易”Thomas J. Watson, IBM,Did IBM forget? $168 billion (Tobins Q = 2.1) Hardware, software, and services Nobel prize-winning scientists 3,768 patents (1993-1995),Whats Happening Today?今天发生了什么？,Industry Changes工业变化 Globalization全球化 Information technology信息技术,Knowledge-based strategies以知识为基础的战略 Core competencies核心能力 Innovation变革 External partnerships外部合作伙伴,Leading to导致,New Business Equation新的商业等式,Need for需要 Organizational agility敏捷的组织 Speed速度 Innovation变革 Cost成本,网络型组织,对顾客诚实,智力资本,信息技术,合作者与契约伙伴,打破界限,关注核心能力,Core Competence核心能力,is a bundle of skills and technologies that enables a company to provide a particular benefit to customers. 包括大量技能和技术，可以提供给消费者特殊的价值。Hamel and Prahalad, 1994,SONY索尼 Miniaturization微型设计Pocketability便携式FEDERAL EXPRESS联邦快递 Logistics后勤（协调能力）On-time delivery准时送货HONDA本田 Engine design/mfg.机械设计 Reliable performance值得信赖的产品MOTOROLA摩托罗拉公司Wireless technology无线技术Untethered comm.无线沟通,Core Benefit toCompetence Customer核心能力 给消费者的利益,Knowledge,Technologies,Processes,Relationships,CRITERIA标准 valuable有价值的 unique唯一的 extendable可扩展性 learning学习,Benefits VALUE = -Costs,UNIQUE = (social complexity + causal ambiguity),LEARNING = (experience x challenge),Competing Through Peoplet人的竞争 Identify & develop core skills确定和发展核心技能 Integrate diverse activities整合多样化的动机 Respond with agility & speed敏捷、快速反应 Empower action授权 Innovate变革,Core Competence核心能力,is a bundle of skills and technologies that enables a company to provide a particular benefit to customers.包括大量技能和技术，可以提供给消费者特殊的利益。-Hamel and Prahalad,价值收益/成本,学习经验挑战,唯一社会的复杂性原因的模糊性,KNOWLEDGE知识 - customer客户 - technology技术 - operations 执行 - managing 管理,PROCESSES流程 - customer segmentation客户服务部门 - just-in-time (hrs)及时服务 - mass customization模块用户化 - build to order (AIM)以订单为核心 - ROIC metrics 计算基本回报率制度 - experimentation试验,TECHNOLOGY技术 - Premier pages主页 - software installation软件安装 - TPM triggers (parts, service) - customer purchasing systems客户购买系统,RELATIONSHIPS关系 - customer intimacy (Boeing)客户的熟悉程度 - Platinum councils顶尖顾问 - supplier partnerships (Sony)供应商合作 - employee involvement雇员参与 - third party service maintainers (TPMs)第三方提供维修服务 - distribution agreements (UPS, Airbourne)分享协议,“Virtual Integration”,Leading to,Value价值 Uniqueness唯一 Learning学习,“A low-value product can be made by anyone anywhere. When you have knowledge no one else has access to -thats dynamite. We guard our intellectual assets even more carefully than our financial assets.” 低价值的产品任何人、任何地方都可以做。当你拥有别人无法掌握的知识时那才是优势。我们小心保护着我们的智力资本甚至超过了我们的金融资本 -Roy Vagelos, former CEO Merck,价值整合,“Positively Outrageous Service”,Southwest Airlines西南航空,TECHNOLOGY技术 - Premier pages主页 - software installation软件安装 - TPM triggers (parts, service)第三方提供维修服务 - customer purchasing systems客户购买系统,PROCESSES流程 - customer segmentation客户服务部门 - just-in-time (hrs)及时服务 - mass customization模块用户化 - build to order (AIM)以订单为核心 - ROIC metrics计算基本回报率制度 - experimentation试验,KNOWLEDGE知识 - customer客户 - technology技术 - operations 执行 - managing 管理,RELATIONSHIPS关系 - customer intimacy (Boeing)客户的熟悉程度 - Platinum councils顶尖顾问 - supplier partnerships (Sony)供应商合作 - employee involvement雇员参与 - third party service maintainers (TPMs)第三方提供维修服务 - distribution agreements (UPS, Airbourne)分享协议,积极的额外服务,KNOWLEDGE知识 - microbiology微生物 - biochemistry有机化学 - imunodiagnostics免疫诊断 (antibodies/conjugates)抗体/融合,PROCESSES流程 - R&D/Mfg.研发 - bioconjugation生物聚和 - antibody purification抗体提纯 - PCR amplification - DNA hybridization DNA杂交 - TQM全面质量管理 - commercialization商品化,TECHNOLOGY - immunoassays确定抗原 - ELISA (serum/blood)免疫血清 - rapid diagnostics快速诊断 - DNA based DNA基础,RELATIONSHIPS关系 - CRC-DT, CDC - U.S. Army 美国军队 - World Health Org国际健康组织. - universities大学 - distribution network分享网络 - employee (science/mkt)雇员,C2 = “Rapid Learning”,Leading to,An organization at the frontier of its intellectual field is more likely to stay at the frontier. It can attract and challenge more and better intellect than its competitors. By solving more advanced problems, it has more capacity to solve others. And so on.” 一个处于智力领域的前沿的组织一定处于行业的前沿。它能够比竞争对手吸引更多更好的人才且为其提供更多的机会。通过解决尖端问题它也能解决其他问题。 - JB Quinn,BIOTECH INC.,Value价值 Uniqueness唯一 Learning学习,C2 =快速学习,Combination of people and systemsleads to.,Human Capital,Social Capital,OrganizationalCapital,BioTech, Inc.: Intellectual capital生物技术：智力资本,People,Systems,KNOWLEDGE知识 - microbiology - biochemistry - bioconjugation - imunodiagnostics,PROCESSES流程 - R&D/Mfg. - bioconjugation - antibody purification - PCR amplification - DNA hybridization - TQM - commercialization,TECHNOLOGIES技术 - immunoassays - ELISA (serum/blood) - rapid diagnostics - DNA based detection,RELATIONSHIPS关系 - CRC-DT, CDC - U.S. Army - World Health Org. - universities - distribution network - employee (science/mkt),C2 = “Rapid Learning”快速学习,PEOPLE,SYSTEMS,Core Competence核心能力,人员,系统,人力资本,社会资本,组织资本,人与系统的整合导致,How does human capital contribute to the core competence?人力资本对核心能力的贡献,Value有价值的Unique唯一的,Resources need to be:资源是,Benefits VALUE 价值= - Costs,Drives innovation推动变革Responds to customer demands反映消费者需求Provides excellent customer service提供出色的客户服务Achieves highest quality达成最优质量Instrumental in process improvements有助于流程完善Develops new business opportunities发展新的商业机会Directly affects efficiency and productivity直接影响效率和生产率Minimizes costs of production, service, delivery最小化产品成本、服务成本、送货成本,Not widely available in the marketz在市场上没有得到广泛的信赖Cannot be bought or appropriated不能被购买或采购Difficult to imitate or duplicate难以模仿或复制Specialized KSAs特别的KSADifficult to replace难以替代Customized to our firm在公司定做Developed through on-the-job experiences通过有实际经验的人培训Distinguishes us from our competitors差异化,收益,成本,KEY 财务人员HR人员技术管理团队信息系统员 操作人员市场/销售 研发员质量控制人员生物研究员客户服务人员. 快速诊断员.法律顾问分配,研发人员,机械操作员,运输员,销售员,销售员,技术管理团队,客户服务人员,HR人员,研发人员,快速诊断员,财务人员,客户服务人员,操作工,研发人员,研发合作伙伴,Core Knowledge核心知识,Low VALUE high,低 唯一性 高,人力资本图,快速诊断,Scott A. Snell, Cornell University,C2 = Rapid Learning,HR人员,法律顾问,信息管理员,生物研究员,财务人员,质量控制员,技术管理团队,公用型知识Compulsory Knowledge,Idiosyncratic Knowledge特殊知识,辅助型知识Ancillary Knowledge,价值,低,高,R&D,Manufacturing/Operations,Distribution,Sales,Sales,TMT,CustServ,HR,R&D,Rapids,Fin,CustomerService,Mfg,R&D,R&DPartners,Core Knowledge核心知识,Low VALUE high,Low UNIQUE high,BIOTECH, INC: Mapping Human Capital人力资本图,KEY Finance财务 HR人力资源 TMT技术管理团队 MIS信息系统 Mfg/Operations 操作人员 Market/Sales市场/销售 R&D研发 Quality质量 Biologicals生物 Cust. Service客户服务 Rapid Diag. 快速诊断 Legal/Reg.法律 Distribution 分配,Rapids,Scott A. Snell, Cornell University,C2 = Rapid Learning,HR,Legal,MIS,Biologicals,Fin,Quality,TMT,Compulsory Knowledge,Idiosyncratic Knowledge特殊知识,Ancillary Knowledge,唯一性,价值,低,高,低,高,High Value高价值,Low Value低价值,Generic普遍性,Core核心,Idiosyncratic独特性,Ancillary辅助性例如，The Ancillary staff of a hospital医院勤杂人员,Compulsory公用性？,Unique唯一性,Human Capital Architecture人力资本架构,HumanCapital unique value,HRMSystem,Employ Mode,人力资本唯一性有价值,人力资源管理系统,雇佣模型,Core Human Capital核心人力资本 High Value: Direct link to core competence高价值：直接与核心能力相连 High Uniqueness: Firm-specific knowledge and skills独一无二：公司特别的知识和技能,High Value,High Value,Low Value,Low Value,Unique,Generic,Generic,Idiosyncratic,Idiosyncratic,Ancillary,Ancillary,Compulsory,Compulsory,Human Capital Architecture,Core,例如,Employment Mode: knowledge work雇佣方式：知识工作Employment Relationship: organization-focused雇佣关系：组织为核心Examples: software developers (Microsoft)软件开发人员 drug researchers (Merck)药物研究人员 fund managers (Fidelity)基金管理经理“gold-collar” workers金领工人,High Value,High Value,Low Value,Low Value,Unique,Generic,Generic,Core,Core,Idiosyncratic,Idiosyncratic,Ancillary,Ancillary,Human Capital Architecture,Human Capital Architecture,Compulsory,Employment Mode: traditional job雇佣方式：传统工作Employment Relationship: job-focused雇佣关系：以工作为核心Examples: staff accountants (Andersen)人事会计sales people (Sears)销售人员truck drivers (UPS)卡车司机,HighValue: Direct link to strategyHigh Uniqueness: Generic knowledge and skills,Compulsory Human Capital公用型人力资本 High Value: Direct link to core competence高价值：直接与核心能力相连 Low Uniqueness: Generic knowledge and skills普遍性：普通知识和技能,Employment Mode: contract work雇佣方式：合同工Employment Relationship: transactional雇佣关系：交易Examples: assemblers (Nike)装配工人clerical workers (Halliburton)办事员payroll (Continental)薪水单catering (ARAMARK)筹办人员,High Value,High Value,Low Value,Low Value,Unique,Generic,Generic,Core,Core,Idiosyncratic,Idiosyncratic,Compulsory,Compulsory,Human Capital Architecture,Human Capital Architecture,Ancillary,Ancillary,Ancillary Human Capital辅助人力资本 Low Strategic Value: Operational role低战略价值：操作性角色 Low Uniqueness: Generic knowledge and skills普遍性：普遍性知识和技能,Employment Mode: partnership雇佣方式：伙伴Employment Relationship: collaborative雇佣关系：合作Examples: “wild ducks” (IBM)野鸭 design engineers (w/ Boeing)设计工程师 trainers (Merck/Forum)培训师 authors (McGraw-Hill)作者,High Value,High Value,Low Value,Low Value,Unique,Generic,Generic,Core,Core,Idiosyncratic,Idiosyncratic,Ancillary,Ancillary,Compulsory,Compulsory,Human Capital Architecture,Human Capital Architecture,Idiosyncratic Human Capital独特的人力资本 Low Strategic Value: Intermittent link to competence低战略价值：与核心价值间接联系 High Uniqueness: Specialized knowledge and skills独一无二：特殊的知识和技能,TRADITIONAL JOB-BASED EMPLOYMENT传统的以工作为基础的雇佣,ALLIANCE/ PARTNER联盟/伙伴,CONTRACT WORK合同工,KNOWLEDGE WORK知识性工作,S-specific job特殊工作,T&D-short-term短期研发,T&D-current job现在的工作,T&D-external外部,$-internal equity内部公平,S-immediate perform直接行为,$-group群体,Job-narrow/simple工作范围小、简单,$-short-term短期,PA-quality质量,Job-customized用户化的工作,$-bonus,$-performance绩效,$-industry experience工业经验,S-strategy contribute战略捐赠,$-salary薪酬,Job-rotation工作轮换,S-solve problems解决问题,S-best最好,Job-security安全,$-high高级,Job-empower授权,PA-strategy contribute战略性捐赠,T&D-investment 培训与开发投资,PA-work w/others,T&D-OJT在职培训,T&D-team技术研发团队,T&D-continuous持续性,S-potential潜力,S-promote w/in提升,PA-develop培训,Job-dynamic工作动力,Job-standardized标准化,$-hourly小时,KEY Job design工作设计 Staffing人员供给 Training培训 Appraisal评价 Compensation补贴,Low VALUE high,Low UNIQUE high,Plotting HR Practices人力资源实践策略,STUDY:152 multi-product firms 200 employeesCEO, VPHR, line execs,Lepak & Snell, 2001,唯一性,价值,高,高,研究：152家超过200雇员的多元产品公司的CEO,资深人力专员，一线经理,Rewards薪酬,Appraisal考核,Development开发,Staffing招募,Job Design工作设计,enriched & empowered授权、提供资源 customized用户导向,aptitude (able to learn)才能（学习能力） promote from within内部提升,continuous on-the-job在职培训 firm-specific 公司特色,focus on strategic contribution关注对战略的贡献 developmental培训,external equity (high wages)外部公平（高工资） pay for knowledge, experience, seniority为知识，经验、资历付薪 ownership and perks持股,COMMITMENT-BASED HRM SYSTEM以责任为基础的人力资源管理系统,Core Human Capital核心人力资本,Employment Mode: knowledge work雇佣方式：知识工作Employment Relationship: organization-focused雇佣关系：组织为核心,clearly defined清晰定义 moderately empowered适度授权,external recruitment外部招募 achievement成绩,PRODUCTIVTY-BASED HRM SYSTEM生产率为基础的人力资源管理系统,Employment Mode: traditional job雇佣方式：传统工作Employment Relationship: job focused雇佣关系：工作为核心,Compulsory Human Capital公用型人力资本,limited to firm-specific 局限于公司的具体情况 short-term focus 关注短期,developmental培训 focus on performance关注绩效,external equity (market rate)外部公平（市场比例） pay for performance为绩效付薪,Rewards薪酬,Appraisal考核,Development开发,Staffing招募,Job Design工作设计,well-defined准确定义 limited scope范围有限,outsourced (perhaps)外部资源（也许） contract for a specific task为特别的任务招聘,limited to rules & procedures局限于规章、流程,administrative服从性,hourly or contract-contingent 按小时或临时工作付薪,COMPLIANCE-BASED HRM SYSTEM服从为基础的人力资源管理系统,Employment Mode: contract work雇佣方式：合同工Employment Relationship: transactional雇佣关系：交易,Ancillary Human Capital辅助性人力资本,Rewards薪酬,Appraisal考核,Development开发,Staffing招募,Job Design工作设计,team-based团队为基础 enriched & autonomous资源丰富/自主,ability to collaborate能够合作 achievement 根据成绩,continuous on-the-job在职培训 firm-specific 公司具体情况,team-oriented团队为核心 goal accomplishment目标的完成情况,COLLABORATIVE HRM SYSTEM合作的人力资源管理系统,Employment Mode: partnership雇佣方式：伙伴Employment Relationship: collaborative雇佣关系：合作,Idiosyncratic Human Capital独特的人力资本,Rewards薪酬,Appraisal考核,Development开发,Staffing招募,Job Design工作设计,group-based incentives团队为基础的激励 contract, salary, pay-for-knowledge 合同，年薪，为知识付薪,Human Capital Architecture人力资本架构,low Uniqueness high,low Strategic Value high,HumanCapital unique value,HRMSystem,Employ Mode,Relational Exchange相关交流,Transactional交易,Internalization内部化,Externalization外部化,Idiosyncratic HC独特的人资 Mode: Partnership方式:伙伴 HR: Collaborative人资：合作 - select on past experience依赖过去的经验选择 - develop the relationship发展关系 - evolving scope扩大范围 - rewards for ideas奖励好主意,Core HC核心人资 Mode: Knowledge work方式：知识工作 HR: Commitment-based人资：责任为基础 - staff based on potential基于潜力的雇员 - develop (firm-specific)培训（公司实际） - extensive pay & benefits增加薪水、利润 - autonomy/self-direction自主 - mistakes are important犯错是必要的,Compulsory HC 公用型人资 Mode: Traditional job方式：培训工作 HR: Productivity-based人资：生产率为基础 - staff based on current skill基于现在的技能雇佣 - less development培训少 - market wage市场工资 - focus on ST performance关注即刻的绩效 - mistakes above the water line流水线上的错误,Ancillary HC辅助性人资 Mode: Contract work方式：合同工 HR: Compliance-based人资：服从 - standardize/simple (outsource) 标准化/简单（外部资源） - focus on rules & procedures关注制度和流程 - narrow scope范围窄 - error avoiding避免错误 - hourly pay按小时付薪,人力资本唯一性有价值,人力资源管理系统,雇佣方式,唯一性,战略价值,高,高,One flaw in knowledge management is that it often neglects to ask what knowledge to manage and toward what end. 知识管理的一个错误是经常忽视什么样的知识应该管理以及何时结束。Knowledge should be managed within the context where value is created.应当管理能够创造价值的知识。-Tom Stewart,Link Back To Core Competence.在返回到核心能力,FOCUS ON关注: Governance控制 TMT技术管理团队 Culture文化 Value Chain价值链 Task Environment任务导向 Stakeholders持股 Remote Environment外部环境,低 价值 高,低 唯一性 高,社会资本图,技术管理团队,快速诊断&外部伙伴,研发&政府,质量小组,产品& 技术管理团队,市场&销售,生产&原材料供应,研发& 供应商,研发 & 产品,技术支持 &消费者,研发 &消费者,研发 & 质量,技术管理团队&研发&管理,客户服务 &消费者,文化(技术管理团队),技术管理团队&研发,技术管理团队&研发,技术管理团队&研发&制造人员,技术管理团队&研发,技术管理团队&消费者,内部 &外部研发,支配,市场& 消费者,研发团队,生产&销售,管理信息系统&研发,生产团队,生产&质量,研发& 销售,销售/质量管理团队&送货,Scott A. Snell, Cornell University,PATTERNS: 模型Explicit - TacitTransactional 透明- Relational相关 Effectiveness 效果- Efficiency效率,FOCUS ON关注: Governance控制 TMT技术管理团队 Culture文化 Value Chain价值链 Task Environment任务导向 Stakeholders持股 Remote Environment外部环境,低 价值 高,低 唯一性 高,BIOTECH INC: Mapping Social Capital社会资本图,TMT,Rapids &Ext. Partner,R&D &Government,Quality Team,Production & TMT,Marketing& Sales,Production &Raw Mat Sup,R&D & Suppliers,R&D & Production,Tech Support & Customer,R&D & Customer,R&D & Quality,TMT /R&D &U.S. Regulatory,Cust. Service &Customer,Culture (TMT),TMT &U.S. R&D *,TMT &U.S. R&D *,TMT/R&D &U.S. Mfg.,TMT &U.S. R&D,TMT &Customer,R&D &External R&D,Governance,Marketing& Customer,R&D Team,Production & Sales,MIS & R&D,Production Team,Production &Quality,R&D & Sales,Sales/TMT &Distributors,Scott A. Snell, Cornell University,PATTERNS: 模型Explicit 清楚 - Tacit技巧Transactional 透明- Relational相关 Effectiveness 效果- Efficiency效率,FOCUS ON关注: Databases数据库 Patents专利 Processes过程 Systems系统 Manuals手册,低 价值 高,低 唯一性 高,组织资本图,LN: 感情,LN: 性别(建议),LN: 基因新闻,LN: 连接数据库,LN: 研究数据库 (20+),研发过程,生产保护膜,LN: 新产品,产品改进,LN: 消费者协会新闻,生产过程,质量,装运,消费者服务,管理信息系统,专利,Scott A. Snell, Cornell University,Biotech, I