英语文体与修辞复习提纲.doc

Part OneChapter OneIntroducing Style1.1 What is Style?1.2 Style as Saying Different Things in Different Contexts1. sentence2. vocabulary1.3 Style as Speakers from Different Background1. social status2. social class3. race4. sex: biological; social5. time1.4 Style as Functions of Texts1. interview2. commentary1.5 The Stylistic Features1. sound features: pun; rhyme; alliteration; elision2. spelling: the elision of certain sounds; alternative pronunciation; mispronunciation; contraction3. words: contexts; nominalized word and their corresponding verbs and adjectives; the same field or domain4. grammar: the manipulation of syntactic structures; the use of parallel structures; sentences with different length and complexity5. meaning: fields; personification; hyprbole / litotes; irony / satireChapter TwoLexicology2.1 Morphemic Devices (qualitative deviation or incongruity & quantitative deviation or deflection)1. Neologism: affixation; compounding; derivation; conversion; blendingnonce words2. Overregularity and High Frequency of Occurrencehomoioteteuton2.2 Lexical Devices1. Selection of Words Features of register: field; tenor; mode2. Classification of Words Register and dialect Commoncore words and words used in different varietis Dialect: regional / of age, race, profession/ social structure / temporal3. Rhetorical Series Similar in certain aspects Two / three / four or more items4. Word Implications Extended, transferred meanings; with emotive colouring (neutral / positive / negative); synonymy (ideational / interpersonal / textual)5. Play with Meaning: Rhetorical DevicesMeaning transference (simile / metaphor / personification / metonymy); Meaning extension and Contraction (hyperbole / litotes or meiosis); Contradiction in Logic (oxymoron / paradox); Meaning Conversion; Play on Homonymy (pun)Chapter Three Grammar3.1 Syntactic Deflection1. The Unexpected High Frequency of OccurrenceLong sentences (vivid, rich, exuberant, luxurious)Short sentences (direct, terse, concise, clear effect or continuous, compact, swift effect)2. The Overregular Use of Certain Patterns or ModelsParallelisms; Antithesis; Chiasmus; Antistrophe; Repetition; Epizeuxis; Ploce3.2 Syntactic Incongruity1. Unusual Syntactic StructuresLoose Sentences; Periodic Sentences; Elliptical Sentences; Inverted Sentences; Rhetorical Questions2. Violation of the Grammatical RulesUngrammatical sentencesChapter FourPhonology and Graphology4.1 Phonology1. Sound and WritingTwo ways of representing the same thing / respective features2. Phonological theory Phoneme: synaesthesia Incongruity: phonological transference and elision ( aphesis, syncope, apocope) Sound Pattern: Alliteration; Assonance; Consonance3. Syllable Syllable Deflection: Para-rhyme; Reverse Rhyme; Rhyme (masculine rhyme vs. Feminine rhyme) (end rhyme & internal rhyme) Defeated Expectation4. Foot Meter (foot) vs. rhythm (measure) Foot Deflection Metrical Deviation: change stress; put stress on what should be an unstressed syllable; change the order; reduce the number of feet. Onomatopoeia: synaesthetic5. Tone Group6. Suprasegmental Features Stress; Intonation (falling and rising); Pause4.2 Graphology1. Graphological System Five ranks: grapheme, words, comma, colon, period. Three factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, space and sequence2. Grapheme Punctuation Marks: period, comma, exclamation marks, quotation marks, parentheses Ellipsis of Punctuation marks3. Ill-spelled words (erroneous spelling)4. Italics5. Spatial ArrangementChapter FiveSemantics5.1 Cohesion and Style1. Reference: Personal; Demonstrative; Comparative Exophora (context-bound); Endophora (context-free; anaphora and cataphora)2. Substitution and Ellipsis Liveliness; conciseness; terseness3. Conjunction Conjunctions and conjunctive phrases and adverbs4. Lexical Cohesion 1) Reiteration: repetition; synonymy; hyponymy; meronymy 2) Collocation: provides semantic thread linking the meanings of different sentences and words together5.2 Sentence Groups, Passages and Paragraphs1. Sentence Groups (SG): argumentation; narration; description2. Paragraphs and Passages Parataxis; hypotaxis Independent; surbordinate; transition3. Patterns of Text Structures Generical structure potential A buying-selling situation: five obligatory elements A job-interview situation: five obligatory elements Fiction Writings: five or six stagesPart Two Practical StyleStylesSemanticGrammaticalLexicalPhonologicalDaily ConversationStylesSituationalTextualSemanticSyntaxLexicalPhonologicalSpontaneous CommentaryStylesTextSyntacticVocabularyPhonologicalRhetoricalPublic SpeechStylesSemanticTextGrammaticalLexica