定语从句考点分析与特训.doc

语法专题一 定语从句考点分析与突破定语从句是中学英语教学的语法重点，也是高考热点。在2009年全国19套高考题中对定语从句子的考查总共出现了16次，在2010年全国19套高考题中出现14次。下面结合高考题来归纳一下定语从句的几大考点：考点一：关系代词、关系副词的理解和选择 备考清单定语从句中的关系代词、关系副词有如下三种功能：在从句的开头引导一个定语从句，把它和主句连接起来，形成主从句关系；替代先行词且先行词绝不可省，引导词有时可省（如引导词在从句中作宾语时）；在定语从句中充当适当的成分。 1当表示时间、地点、原因的名词，如day, time, place, factory, reason等作先行词，在定语从句中作状语时，用where, when和why引导定语从句；在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用that或which试比较： This is the factory where I once worked. This is the factory which/ that Ive visited. The day that/ which I always remember is Oct.1. The day when Nanjing was liberated is Sept.11. The reason why he hasnt come is that he has been ill. Dont believe the reason which/ that he gave you.2，关系词引导定语从句修饰人并在从句中作主语时用who或that，在从句中作宾语时用who, whom, that或把关系词省略掉，但在介词后面只能用whom；引导从句并修饰物时用which或that；在从句中作定语指人或物，表示“的”时用whose。如： Do you know the student who/that left a moment ago? Do you know the student about whom hes talking? Hes the man( that/who/whom) you can depend on. Do you know the student whose father is an engineer? The train that/which has just left is for HongKong. 3that和which在引导定语从句指物时，如果先行词前面有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或先行词本身是不定代词，如all, everything, nothing, none等时，或者先行词被the only, the very, just the, any等修饰时不能用which而只能用that。如： This is the very magazine( that)I am after. You can take any book you like.4. 当修饰的名词不是具体的地点名词，而是一个抽象名词，诸如：activity, case, point state，stage, situation 等意指“情况、情形、形势”时，引导词常用 where 或介词 which 。 如： （06 山东 26. ）Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which由于一般的语法书对这一问题很少涉及，所以许多考生对这类考题比较生疏。为帮助同学们熟悉这一语言现象，正确掌握这一知识点，现对where定语从句修饰抽象名词的用法作一归纳。Can you think out a situation where this word can be used?Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her.where定语从句修饰抽象名词pointYou reach a point where medicine cant help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in. 危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。注：有时point也可以是具体的地点：Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。where定语从句修饰抽象名词caseThere are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。Today, well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。where定语从句修饰抽象名词activityThose successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. 那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。where定语从句修饰抽象名词situationHe got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。where定语从句修饰抽象名词positionIts put me in a position where I cant afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。where定语从句修饰抽象名词jobShe wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use. 她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。例1：(2010湖北卷，77) My mother was so proud of all （我所做的）that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing. (do)答案: ( that) I had done例 2: ( 2010重庆, 28) In China, the number of cities （在提升其发展）is recognized across the world. (whose) 答案：is increasing whose development例3:(2010全国，16)I refuse to accept the blame for something （其他人的错误）(fault)答案：that was someone elses /others fault当修饰先行词 something或者其他不定代词时，用that引导定语从名。例4. Some pre-school children go to a day-care center, _ they learn simple games and songs. (全国I)A. then B. there C. while D. where答案D例5. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. (天津卷)A. when B. whose C. which D. where答案D例6. Today, well discuss a number of cases _ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (陕西卷)答案DA. which B. as C. why D. where例7. After graduation she reached a point in her career _ she had to decide what to do. (江西卷)答案DA. that B. what C. which D. where【即时巩固练习】1. (2010湖南，28)1ve become good friends with several of the students in my school_(我结识）in the English speech contest last year.( meet)答案：who I met。解析：考查定语从句。who引导定语从句，修饰先行词students。句意为：我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。2. (2010福建，24) Stephen Hawking believes that the each is unlikely to be the only planet（生命逐渐形成） ( life)答案：whereon which life has developed gradually。解析：考查定语从句关系副词的选用。句意为：霍金认为地球不太可能是生命逐渐形成的唯一星球。3. (09全国II,17) My friend showed me round the town, (他真是太好了）( kind)答案：which was very kind of him解析：考查非限制性定语从句。从句中的which指代前面整个句子。考点二：定语从句与别的从句或强调结构的区别，定语从句与非谓语动词的重叠考查 备考清单 1定语从句与强调结构的区别：两者十分相似，稍不注意就会出错。判断是否是强调结构的方法是采用删除法，即去掉it is/was及连接词部分，若整个句子结构和意义不受影响则为强调结构。例如高考题：Was it during the Second World_ he died?去掉was it及填空处连接词，其结构正确，故只能看作强调结构。例1：（09北京，26）-What do you think of teaching，Bob? -I find it fun and challenging. It is a job （你正在做的）something serious but interesting. (do) 解析：答案为where you are doing考查定语从句。句中关系副词where引导的定语从句，在从句中作状语。2定语从句与别的从句的区别：定语从句与地点状语从句的区别是看有无表示地点的名词作先行词，有则是定语从句。如：You should leave the toy where you can find.（where前无地点名词，故where引导的是地点状语从句。）I still remember the bus stop where/at which I met you.（引导词前有地点名词the bus stop，故where/at which引导的是定语从句。）定语从句与结果状语从句的区别是看从句的连接词是否在从句中作成分，作成分的是定语从句。如：He is such a kind person as everybody likes.（as要作likes的宾语，故as引导的是定语从句。）He is such a kind person that everybody likes him.(连接词无需在从句中作成分，故that引导的是结果状语从句。）定语从句与同位语从句的区别主要是看连接词是否在从句中作成分，作成分的是定语从句，不作成分而只是表示前面名词的具体内容的则是同位语从句。如：The news that he had been back surprised us all（that在从句中不作成分，是同位语从句的引导词。）He had to settle the problem which they left.（引导词在从句中作宾语，故which引导的是定语从句。） 例2:_ a terrible storm would take place in Hainan. A. Word came which B. Word came that C. Word that came D. Words came that 解析：答案为B。同位语从句的分割现象。that后引导的从句作word的同位语。 3非谓语动词在定语从句中的应用 例3：（07上海）There is nothing more I can tryyou to stay, s0 1 wish you good luck. A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D .to persuade分析：答案为D。考查非谓语动词。句意为：既然我无法再说服你留下来，我祝你好运。（that）I can try to persuade you to stay是定语从句，修饰先行词nothing，that在从句中作try的宾语。to persuade you to stay是不定式作目的状语。【即时巩固练习】4. (2010陕西,11) The old temple （屋顶损毁）in a storm is now under repair.(damage) 答案：whose roof was damaged。解析：考查定语从句关系词的选择。句意为：那座在暴风雨中屋顶被损毁的旧庙宇正在修缮当中。5. These house are sold at such a low price （正如人们期望的）( expect)答案：as people expected解析：连接词指代先行词a low price并且在从句中作了expected的宾语，故此处应是一个as引导的定语从句考点三：介词+关系代词引导定语从句时介词或关系代词的选择 备考清单 1引导定语从句时，that和who不能用于介词之后，能用于介词+关系代词引导定语从句的代词只有which和whom。其中介词的选择依据如下四点： 介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。如： The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look. 介词与从句中动词是一种习惯性搭配。如： Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands? 介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的短语。如： Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud. 表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时，用介词of。如： There are over 3,000 workers, eighty percent of whom are women. 2当引导词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以提前放在which（指事物不能用that）或者whom(指人不能用who)之前，也可放于原来的位置。例如： This is the room which/that Lu Xun used to live in. = This is the room in which Lu Xun used to live. The man who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. = The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.但要注意在含有介词的动词固定词组中，有些动词短语不能拆开使用，介词只能放于原来的位置，这样的动词短语常用的有： look for , look after , take care of, depend on , listen to 等，如This is the person who/whom/that you are looking for.The babies (whom) the nurses are looking after are very healthy.Is this the book (which/that) she was looking for?3. 注意“介词+where”引导的定语从句有时我们可以见到“介词+where”引导的定语从句，此时要和“介词+which” 引导的定从句从意义上加以区别。常见的“介词+where”引导的定语从句的结构为 “from+ where” 如：1）Soon after getting off his horse, the captain appeared at the second storey windows, from where he could see nothing but trees.下马不久，上尉就出现在二楼的窗口了。他从那里除了树木什么也没看到。(引导定语从句)划线部分相当于, and from at the windows不可变为from which，可用where，但不如用from where更具体。2）She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town.她登上山顶，从那里她可以一览全城风光。（引导定语从句）划线部分相当于, and from on the top of the hill或from on the top of which,不可变为from which，也可直接用where引导，但语义较为含糊，不如用from where更加生动、形象、具体。3）We went up to the roof , from where we had a good view of the procession.我们爬到屋顶，在那儿我们可以一览整个行进队伍。（引导定语从句） 划线部分可理解为and from on the top of the roof或from on the top of which，用from which是不对的，直接用where仍显不具体，不形象。 4）China is the birth place of kites, from where kiteflying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.中国是风筝的故乡，在那里风筝传到日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。 这里from正与下文的spread to构成一个整体，可理解为from near/around this place，如若把from where换为where显然是讲不通的，改成from which,能够讲得通，但不太符合英语习惯。 5）The car stopped suddenly only a few inches from where I stood.那辆小汽车就在我站的地方仅几英寸处忽然停下了。（引导状语从句）这里的划线部分中where引导的是宾语从句，与from一起作地点状语从句。例1：（2010江苏，32)The newly-built caf ,the wall （油漆）light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. (paint) 答案：of which are painted例2:(2010浙江，3)The settlement is home to nearly l,000people,_ （其中许多离开）their village homes for a better life in the city. (leave) 答案：many of whom left例 3: (09陕西,ll) Gun control is a subject （美国人争论）have argued for a long. (which) 解析：答案为about which Americans考查定语从句“介词+先行词”的用法。句意为：枪支控制是一个美国人长期争论的话题。argue about对争论。【即时巩固练习】6. She was educated at Beijing University, （然后他继续）to have her advanced study abroad. (which)答案：after which she went on解析：句意为：她在北京大学学习，之后又到国外去深造。此题是对定语从句的考查，which指的是上句整个句子的意思。用after which引导定语从句，表示“（在那）之后”。7.American women usually identify their best friends as some （和他们）they can talk frequently . (who)答案：with whom解析：题目提示中要求用whom引导定语从句，我们就应该想到talk with sb.这一短语，其中sb.用whom替换即可得到答案。考点四：as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 备考清单 as和which都可指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，一般隋况下可互换。例如： This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see.（作宾语） He left her, as/which was strange.（作主语）His lessons are interesting, as/which indeed they are.（引导词代替主句中的表语，且在从句中作表语）He didnt say a word，which（不能用as）surprised us.（引导词代表前面整个主句并在从句中作主语且谓语动词非连系动词时只能用which。） 注意在下列情况下只能用as： 放于句首时只能用as。 表示“正如，正像”之意时，只能用as，而which无此义。例如： He agreed to the plan, as could be expected. as可用于类似插入语的句式中，而which则不能。例如： as is said above, as is known to all, as it is等。例1：（2010湖北卷80） （正如我们强调的那样）many times, serve the people is our first policy. (stress) 答案：As we have stressed/ As has been stressed例2: (2010全国I,24) As a child, Jack studied in a village school， （以命名）his grandfather. (name) 解析：答案为which is named after。考查定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句在逗号之后，可判断为非限制性定语从句。先行词a village school在定语从句中作主语，因此用关系代词which。例3：(09山东，24)Whenever I met her, (见面的时候相当多），she greeted me with a sweet smile. (fairly) 解析：答案为which was fairly often考查非限制性定语从句。 【即时巩固练习】8（2010四川，10)After graduating from college, I took sometime off to go travelling, _ _ (证明) be a wise decision. (turn)答案：which turned out to。解析：考查which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面句子的内容。句意为：大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。9. （正如报道）in the news papers, talks between the two countries are making progress. ( report)答案：As is reported考点五：关系代词作主语时谓语中数的判断 备考清单 who, which, that本身没有数和性的变化，它们的数和性应以先行词的数和性而定，从句中谓语动词应与先行词的单复数一致。如： I talked with the boy who swims fastest in your school. All the boys who are now swimming in the river are from Wuhan. 另外还需注意，one of/the only one of作先行词时定语从句中谓语数的不同： He is one of the teachers who know English well. He is the only one of the teachers who knows English well. One of the boys who are my friends is very good at English. 例1：（上海春招）He is the only one of the students who_ a winner of scholarship for three years. Ais Bare Chave been Dhas been 解析：答案为D。 for three years为延续到现在的一段时间，要求句子用完成时态，又the only修饰先行词，此时从句中谓语动词应用单数形式。考点六：几种较为复杂的定语从句 备考清单 1.way后面的定语从句Please tell me the way( that/in which) you did the job. 2在某些句型和某些时间状语中常周that引导定语从句。Every time( that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous. I will never forget the Sunday( that) you first arrived. 3.the same.as/that.与such.as/that. This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.（指“同类异物”） This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.（指“同物”） He is such a funny sort of person as I dont understand at all. (as引导定语从句，且在从句中作成分。)Its such 8 heavy stone that none of us can lift it.(that引导状语从句，且不在从句中作成分。) 例1：It is_（他说话的方式）his mother that is different from that we were used to.( way) 答案：the way( that/ in which) he talks with例2：（湖北）What surprised me most was not what he said (而是说话方式）( say) 解析：答案but the way (that/ in which) he said it。 was notbut并列两个表语成分，the way引导从句时，引导词可用that/in which或省略。【即时巩固练习】10.2010届湖北省部分重点高中高三第二次联考，76）Our eating habits have changed, （我们生活方式也是如此），and the fuel we need for our body is also different.(as)答案：as has our way of lifeas our way of life has changed11. We will give you such data （能帮助你的）in your work. (help)答案：as will help you解析：从句子结构和意义上判断出要填定语从句。因为先行词( data)前有such修饰，所以要用as来引导从句，且as充当从句主语。12. My hometown is not the same （正如它过去样子）( be)答案：as it used to be解析：the same或the same修饰先行词时，定语从句要用as引导。高考考试技巧及应对策略定语从句是高中语法中一个非常基本而又重要的内容。尽管它并不是学生们公认的最难的语法项目，但综合多年高考在此方面考察的难度及技巧来看，高考对定语从句的考察在一些热点、难点上是值得我们分析总结并突破的。为帮助同学们突破定语从句的易错点，现结合多年高考题及近年来优秀高考模拟题将定语从句的四大易错点分析如下： 易错点一： 1不能透彻地理解“关系词”具有的三种功能。（三种功能为：在从句开头引导一个定语从句；指代或替代“先行词”且先行词绝不可省，引导词看时可省；在定语从句中作适当成分。） 2不注意“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时介词的习惯搭配。（一般来说选择合适的介词依据如下四点：介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配；介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配；介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的短语；表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时用介词of） 例1：（2010江西，31)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister (她愿意待上)for an hour. (stay)解析：答案为where she would stay。考查定语从句。句意为：这个女孩被安排与她姐姐一起在培训中心上钢琴课，在那儿她愿意待上一个小时。where引导限制性定语从句，修饰at the training centre。 例2：（2010山东，24）Thats the new machine （零件太小不能）be seen.( parts) 答案：whose parts are too small to句意为：那台新机器，它的零件小得都看不到。【即时巩固练习】13.（2011湖北省武穴中学高三10月月考）A good advertisement often uses words _（人们赋予了）positive meanings.( attach)答案：to which people attach14. (2011襄樊四校高三上学期期中考试)In the first two months of the new term, she has made rapid progress （她为此感到骄傲）(take )答案：in which she takes pride易错点二：不能区别定语从句与别的从句或结构。学生们极易弄混定语从句与强调结构，定语从句与状语从句、表语从句之间的区别。 例1：（2011黄冈中学黄石二中高三上学期联考） （给我印象最深的）is the beauty of the white clouds floating in the blue sky.( strike) 答案：What struck me most考查what引导主语从句。 例2:(2010上海，36) One reason for her preference for city life is_ _（她能自由的去）places like shops and restaurants.( access) 答案：that she can have(easy) access to考查表语从句，此处that不可以省略。【即时巩固练习】15.(2010天津，8)-Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? -You should try the barbers_ _（我去过的）Its only 15.( go)答案：where I go。解析：考查定语从句。where引导限制性定语从句并在从句中充当地点状语，定语从句修饰先行词the barbers，即我去的那个理发店。16.（2010北京，27）Children who are not active or （饮食富含脂肪）will gain weight quickly(diet，rich)答案：whose diet is rich in fat。解析：考查定语从句。whose引导定语从句，和前面的who引导的定语从句并列，共同修饰先行词children，并且whose在从句中作定语，修饰diet。易错点三：不注意标点符号及句子结构。 1标点符号在定语从句中，尤其是以逗号连接主从句的非限制性定语从句中作用极大，又极易被学生忽视。许多学生不注意符号的特定作用，往往只要主从句指代无误，翻译通顺就可以，因而常易导致错误。一般情况下两句话间以逗号连接，则两句话间应是一种逻辑上的主从关系（特殊情况除外）；另外that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 例1: Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 解析：此题答案为D，而易错选为A及B。据逗号可知两句间应为主从关系，即后一部分只能为一从属于前一句子的从句，而which能引导非限制性定语从句，代替前面整句话情况且充当doubt的宾语，故D正确。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，it可作主语却无法引导一个从句。此题如果一定要用it代替前面一句话，则可考虑改为：Carol.by October and personally I doubt it very much. 例2：（2011黄冈中学黄石二中高三上学期联考）Its likely that such a question, if it can be called a question, _ _（你提的），cant be answered by any human beings.( raise) 答案：as you have raised 2不注意句子的结构。 例3:The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,_ over 600 years old. A. all of them B. all of which C. all of it D. none of which 解析：此题中over 600 years old前根本无be动词，不能构成一句子，故不能看作常规的定语从句而选B，而只能选A此时逗号后一部分只是一个补充说明前面句子的短语。 例4:All_is needed is a supply of oil. A不填 Bthat Cwhat Dwhich 解析：许多学生知道what可引导主语从句即可说what is needed is a supply of oil，因而认为其前面加all修饰也行，其实主语从句连接词前是不能加任何修饰词的；也易选成A，此时句子结构有问题，因为此时句子有两be动词，而它们并非并列谓词，也不是分别出现在主从句中的，故句予结构错误。答案应为B，此时是符合先行词为不定代词时，定语从句的引导词用that这一条的。【即时巩固练习】17. In our school there are 2000 students. （他们中大约2/5是女孩）(be)答案：About two fifths of them are girls.解析：句号决定后面为独立的一个简单句，而不是我们经常碰到的非限定性定语从句。 18. When we asked him, he told us （他所做的一切）( all)答案：all( that) he had done解析：“all”可表达“一切”，all后要用定语从句表达“他所做的”，注意时态应是过去完成时。 易错点四：不能准确断句。许多学生或因粗心或因对句子结构理解不清而易出现一些错误。 例1：（2010上海，38)Wind power is an ancient source of energy （我们会回到）in the near future. ( retur