key-jyss2012-12在职研究生英二模拟.doc

答案： 2012在职英语专业教育硕士-英语II 复习材料12I. Reading ComprehensionPassage 1Look at the keyboard of any standard typewriter or computer. Q, W, E, R, T and Y are the first six letters. Who decided on this arrangement of the letters? And why? People tried for centuries to invent the typewriter. In 1714 in England, Henry Mill filed提出申请 a patent专利 for a machine called An Artificial Machine or Method for the Impressing 压印or Transcribing转写 of Letters, Singly or Progressively连续 one after another, as in Writing, whereby靠那个 all Writing whatsoever may be Engrossed用大字体书写，in Paper or Parchment 羊皮纸so Neat and Exact as not to be distinguished from Print. That machine probably didnt sell because no one could remember its name! The first practical typewriter was patented in the United States in 1868 by Christopher Latham Sholes. His machine was known as the type铅字-writer. It had a movable carriage托架, a lever杠杆 for turning paper from line to line, and a keyboard on which the letters were arranged in alphabetical order. But Sholes had a problem. On his first model, his ABC key arrangement caused the keys to jam when the typist worked quickly. Sholes didn t know how to keep the keys from sticking黏住，停留, so his solution was to keep the typist from typing too fast. Sholes asked his brother-in-law to rearrange the keyboard so that the commonest letters were not so close together and the type bars would come from opposite directions. Thus they would not clash 碰撞together and jam the machine. The new arrangement was the QWERTY arrangement typists use today. Of course, Sholes claimed that the new arrangement was scientific and would add speed and efficiency. The only efficiency it added was to slow the typist down, since almost any word in the English language required the typist s fingers to cover more distance on the keyboard. The advantages of the typewriter outweighed比重要 the disadvantages of the keyboard. Typists memorized the crazy letter arrangement, and the typewriter became a huge success. By the time typists had memorized the new arrangement of letters and built their speed, typewriter technology had improved, and the keys didn t stick as badly as they had at first.1.We know from the passage that the inventor of the first practical typewriter is_.A.Henry MillB.Christopher Latham SholesC.Sholesbrother-in-lawD.Allbert Einstein2.The author thinks the machine invented by Henry Mill could not be sold because_.A.it was difficult for people to accept new thingsB.there were great disadvantages of the keyboardC.the machine could not be distinguished from printD.the name of the machine was too long3.Sholes decided the QWERTY arrangement of the keyboard in order to_.A.arrange the letters in alphabetical orderB.cause the keys to jam when the typist worked quicklyC.solve the problem of the keys jammingD.compete with ABC key arrangement4.It is inferred that the QWERTY arrangement of the keyboard_.A.is the most scientific arrangementB.adds speed and efficiency of typistsC.keeps the typist from typing too fastD.is easy for typists to memorize5.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?A.The Arrangement of The Letters on KeyboardB.The Story of Christopher Latham SholesC.How to Invent The TypewriterD.The First Practical TypewriterPassage 2Feminist女权运动者 sociolinguists, over the course of the last few decades, have conducted引领 studies that they believe（插入成分）support the conclusion that women are routinely常规性地 discriminated区别对待 against in English-speaking society. They point to the words used to describe women, as well as the words used to describe society as a whole, as indications that the English language ,and therefore the English-speaking culture, is slanted倾斜 towards the advantage of males.The words used to describe women are used as instrument by feminist sociolinguists to denote an inherent sexism性别偏见，性别主义 in the English language. Word pairs such as master and mistress 情妇and sir and madam妓院老板, they claim ,epitomize 缩影such sexism. All of the words in question讨论中 once held positive connotations 内涵but, while the masculine (男性的)forms have retained(留住,保住) their respectable associations, the feminine forms have undergone pejoration恶化，语义转贬 and now imply sexual promiscuity(混杂) and other negative characteristics. Feminist researchers assume that such pejoration indicate that the status of women in English-speaking society is relatively low. These researchers also find fault with the use of masculine words to describe unisex 单性，不分男女entities实体存在 .For example ,they feel that there is nothing inherently mainly about mankind, the best man for the job（最佳人选）, or the common man. Similarly, the use of such constructions句法关系 as the “the average students is worried about his grades” indicate to these researchers an inherent sexism in English that is reflective(沉思的；熟虑的) of the cultures in which they are produced .Carolyn Jacobson ,author of Non-sexist 非性别优越感者Language，has proposed a solution to this conundrum(难题).She advocates提倡the elimination of all sexed words in favor of，有利于，支持 gender-neutral terms. No longer should we refer to actors and actresses or waiters and waitresses, as such dichotomies(男女有别) allow for考虑到 the possibility of negative connotations being associated with the feminine designation名称. Likewise,同样she believes that phrases such as mankind should give way to human kind and that the use of the masculine pronoun as the default should be abandoned in favor of neutral constructions. Thus,when sexism is eliminated from the English language ,the culture will be more amenable肯接受，顺从 to the deliverance正式意见 of women as well .1. The primary purpose of this passage is to_A compare and contrast ideology意识形态 in various culturesB prove a commonly held belief to be wrongC describe a problem and a possible solutionD analyze the historical origins of a modern situation2 According to the passage, gender-neutral constructions should be advocated提倡 because_ A the elimination of sexism in the English language will precede先于 the elimination of sexism in the cultureB they are more grammatically sound than sexed structuresC unisex terms are less awkward in casual speechD sex-specific terms always carry negative connotations（男性的词不是这样）3 The author refers to提及 mankind , the best man for the job, and the common man in order to_ 。A demonstrate the superiority of males in English-speaking society 上等优秀B provide an example of speech that is slanted towards the advantage of males 对.有利C list the characteristics of the feminist sociolinguist movementD discount 怀疑，不全信the notion见解 that the English language discriminates against women4 The word“pejoration” most probably means_ (Par.2; Line4)A negative connotation内涵B positive connotationC sexual characteristicD respectable characteristic5 In favor of gender-neutral terms, which of the following words can be used to describe unisex不分男女，单性 entities?A mankind B chairpersonC superman D dragon lady悍女Passage 3Every once in a while偶尔，不时 the reasons for discouragement沮丧 about the human prospect前途 pile up so high that it becomes difficult to see the way ahead，and it is then a great blessing 幸事 to have one conspicuous明显 and undeniable good thing to think about ourselves我们本身,something solid enough to step onto and look beyond看之外的事 the pileLanguage is often useful for this, and musicA particular painting, if you have the right receptors感受器,can lift振作 the spirits and hold them high enough to see a whole future for the race人类The sound of laughter笑声 in the distance in the dark can be a marvelous encouragementBut these are uncertain不确定的 stimuli（不是总出现）, ready能够 to work起作用 only if you happen to be ready to receive them, which takes a bit of luck. I have been reading magazine stories about the technology of lie detection lately, and it occurs to me that this may be the thing Ive been looking for, an encouragement supported by genuine真正,hard scientific dataIt is promising enough that Ive decided to take相信，接纳 as given what the articles say，uncritically, and to look no further（这就够了，不必再去寻找其他的了） As I understand it, a human being cannot tell a lie, even a small one，without setting off a kind of smoke alarm 烟雾报警器somewhere deep in a dark recessy 深幽处of the brain, resulting in the sudden discharge排出 of nerve impulses脉冲,or the sudden outpouring of neuronhormones(神经激素)of some sort, or bothThe outcome, recorded by the liedetector device is similar to the responses to various kinds of stress紧张 Lying, then is stressful产生压力的, even when we do it for protection, or relief, or escape, or profit, or just for the pure pleasure of lying and getting away with(摆脱) it一走了之It is a strain紧张状态，distressing令人痛苦的 enough to cause the emission散发 of signals to and from the central nervous system warning that something has gone wrongIt is, in a pure physiological sense, an unnatural act Now I regard this as a piece of extraordinarily good news, meaning that we are compelled强迫 to be a moral species at least in the limited sense that we are biologically designed to be truthful to each other It seems a petty thing to have this information, but perhaps it tells us to look again, and look deeperWe are indeed a social species, more dependent on each other than the celebrated著名的 social insects社会性（群居）昆虫, we can no more live a solitary 独居的life than can a bee, we are obliged, as a species. to rely on each otherTrust is a fundamental requirement for our kind of existence, and without it all our linkages would begin to snap咬，折断 looseIt is enough, quite enough, to know that we cannot even tell a plain清楚 untruth, and betray a trust, without scaring惊吓some part of our own brains1In the first paragraphthe author implies that (Par.1; Line2)Awe are convinced that men are born evilB human beings are surrounded by piles of rubbishCthere are a lot of obstacles on the way ahead of human beingsDmans future is seen to be encouraging from his good nature2According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is true? (Par.2; Line4)A Language is as useful as musicBPainting is the best of all in lifting ones spiritsCTo see humans bright side is a game of chance靠运气,DNot everyone is given the chance of a good future3. Which of the following is true according to the passage? (last Par. Last Line) A Physiological changes will for sure betray出卖 a liar. B The bigger a lie is, the stronger the strain will be.C The degree of the strain depends on the purpose of lying. D A well-trained person can tell lies without being detected.4. The information given by the lie detector, according to the author, is ( Par.4； Last Line) A trivial不重要 B essential C surprising D unreliable5. The message the author transmits to us by the lie detector is that (last Par. Line 1 -3) A it is vital for us to be truthful to each otherB lying will be checked by more advanced lie detectors C a lie detector can make a good record of nerve impulses D a liar benefits himself from lying, but only at the cost of othersII. Use of EnglishPassage 1If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths强势，优点 and weaknesses. Success or 1 in your work would depend, to 2 great extent, 3 your ability to use your strengths and weaknesses to the best advantage最好地. 4 the utmost极大 importance is your attitude. A person 5 begins a job convinced that he isnt going to like it or is 6 that he is going to ail感到不适 is exhibiting a weakness which can only hinder妨碍 his success. On the other hand, a person who is secure无忧 7 his belief that he is probably as capable 8 doing the work as anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerful attempt 9 it possesses a certain strength of purpose. The chances are that he will do well. 10 the prerequisite 不可缺skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously a weakness. A bookkeeper 记账员who cant add or a carpenter who cant cut a straight line with a saw 11 hopeless cases. This book has been designed to help you capitalize利用 12 the strength and overcome the 13 that you bring to the job of learning. But in group（s）to为了 measure your development, you must first 14 stock of盘点，清理 somewhere you stand now. 15 we get further along in the book, well be 16 in some detail with specific processes for developing and strengthening 17 skills. However, 18 begin with, you should pause 19 examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical to your success or failure in school: your 20 , your reading and communication skills, and your study habits.1.A.improvement B.victory C.failure D.achievement2.A.a B.the C.some D.certain3.A.in B.on C.of D.to4.A.Out of B.Of C.To D.Into5.A.who B.what C.that D.which6.A.ensure B.certain客观决定的 C.sure主观决定的 D.surely7.A.onto B.on C.off D.in8.A.to B.at C.of D.for9.A.near B.on 攻击C.by D.at10.A.Have B.Had C.Having D.Had been11.A.being B.been C.are D.is12.A.except B.but C.for D.on 固定搭配13.A.idea B.weakness C.strength D.advantage14.A.make B.take对.估价（固定搭配）C.do D.give15.A.as B.till C.over D.out16.A.deal B.dealt C.be dealt D.dealing17.A.learnt B.learned C.learning D.learn18.A.around B.to C.from D.beside19.A.to B.onto C.into D.with20.A.intelligence B.work C.attitude与文章开头相呼应D.weaknessIII. Translation1. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life反堕胎的 groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage通过, but the tide is unlikely to turn back.参考译文一些（机构）终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定，不可逆转。2. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going （主谓）to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.参考译文在澳大利亚-人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和正在变化的社会态度，这些因素 都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。3. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US, yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.参考译文当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的侍者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机并不少见。然而这是（上面提到的事情）如此经常观察的到的，这使得它值得讨论。4. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.参考译文对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药症状的出现。5. Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?参考译文上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们：难道这就是你们希望能够成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，但是难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子们吗?6. During the discussion of rock singing verses诗句 at last months stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that music is not the cause of societys ills and even cited引用，举例 his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.参考译文在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说：音乐不是社会问题的起因，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，并用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。7. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering(驾驶) the economy to a soft landing of a touch on the brakes ，makes it sound li