汉英思维模式差异(形合与意合).doc

汉英思维模式差异（形合与意合）由于文化差异的存在，各民族的观念、语言、思维习惯、情感和意志等的构成要素都有差别。一个民族特有的思维模式往往潜藏于讲该语言的人的思想深处，这种隐蔽的机制常常处于一种无意识状态，只有在进行跨文化交流时，人们才察觉和意识到。就英语与汉语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别在于形合与意合的差异。英语重形合（hypotaxis），句中各意群，成分之间都用适当连接调（Connectives）组成复句，形式上比较严谨，缺乏弹性;汉语则重意合（parataxis）即更多地依靠语序直接组合复句，由于其句子成分用逻辑意义贯穿起来，结构灵活、简洁，不会引起误解。英语注重运用具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整，这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序。在单个句子内，往往以一个主谓结构为核心框架，借助众多的形态变化来表示各种语法关系，形成一种主句套从句、结构复杂的复合句。如：Where there is a will，there is a way这句谚语用Where连接，逻辑关系较为清晰；而汉语相对应的表达方式“有志者，事竟成”则未用任何连词传达了相同的意思。汉语很少使用连结手段，句子看上去松散，缺乏明显的外在逻辑联系。通过句子内在的意义将句群连在一起。如汉语古词：枯藤，老树，昏鸦：小桥，流水，人家。这些隐含丰富内蕴的词句末用任何连结词，却带给人们无穷的意境和无尽的遐想。将汉语无主句的唐诗译成英语，翻译家则需根据英语习惯加上主语，如李白的“举头望明月，低头思故乡”这两句，许渊冲翻译为：Looking up，I find the moon bright；Bowing，in homesickness Im drowned英语句子加上了主语I，这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合。这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同：英民族重理性重逻辑思维；汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。掌握了上述差别，翻译工作者在构句上就有了基础。例如“不入虎穴，焉得虎子”If one does not enter the tigers den, how can he get a tigers cub?这是隐含“条件”从句的汉语意合句，英译时，这个if是必不可少的，否则就违反了英语的表达习惯。汉译英的过程中，往往需要将意合句转化为形合句。译者头脑中的形合意合的意识是否成熟，在很大程度上影响着译文的质量。回眸过去，信心百倍；展望未来，豪情满怀。Looking back, we are full of confidence; Looking ahead, we are full of pride. 你有政策，我有对策。You have your policies, and I have my ways of getting around them.金钱不是万能的，没有金钱是万万不能的。Money is not all-powerful, but without money you can do nothing. 文凭不可少，才能做参考，关系最重要。Connections count in the end, though a candidates diploma and ability are preferred. 十年树木，百年树人。It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear people. It takes ten years to grow a tree and a hundred years to bring up a generation of good men a long-term plan. 世事洞明皆学问，人情练达即文章。A grasp of mundane affairs is genuine knowledge while understanding of worldly wisdom is true learning. 男儿有泪不轻弹，只因未到伤心处。Men only weep when deeply hurt.A man does not easily shed tears until his heart is broken. 他疲惫不堪，看上去一副可怜相。He was tired and weary and he looked miserable.不过我就是这个脾气，虽然想改，终未能改变。But its the way I am, and try as I might, I havent been able to change it.人生短短几十年，不要给自己留下了什么遗憾，想笑就笑，想哭就哭，该爱的时候就去爱，无谓压抑自己。 Be sure that you have never had any regrets in your life which only lasts for a few decades. Laugh or cry as you like, and its meaningless to oppress /repress/ yourself. 你出生的时候，你哭着，周围的人笑着；你逝去的时候，你笑着，而周围的人在哭！ When you were born, you were crying but lookers-on were smiling. When you are passing away, youre smiling but lookers-on are crying. 我们确实活得艰难，一要承受种种外部的压力，更要面对自己内心的困惑。在苦苦挣扎中，如果有人向你投以理解的目光，你会感到一种生命的暖意，或许仅有短暂的一瞥，就足以使我感奋不已。 Its true that we have been leading a difficult life, for we need not only to be under various external pressures, but also to be in the face of internal perplexities. You would be affected by the warmth of life if someone gives you an understanding look during your bitter struggle. Even a mere glance would make you moved and inspired. 孔子曰“三人行，则必有我师。”Confucius said If three men are walking together, one of them is bound to be good enough to be my teacher.”春望国破山河在，城春草木深。Our country has been completely crushed,And only rivers and hills look the same;The city is filled with tall trees,And the high grass of spring.感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。Even flowers seem to shed tearsFor the sadness of our time,The very birdsGrieve at the sight of peopleParting from their beloved.烽火连三月，家书抵万金。Now for these three monthsThe beacon fires have flaredUnceasinglyWhile a letter from homeIs as precious as gold.白头搔更短，浑欲不胜簪。And, when I scratch my head,I find my gray hair grown so sparseThe pin will no more hold it.复诵杜甫的春望，再细读其英译，是否能够找到这样一种感觉：英语句子是一串规整的珍珠链，其逻辑标记就如串珠之丝线，而汉语却像一盘大小各异的珍珠，散落玉盘，闪闪发光，璀璨夺目!解释或注释，是汉译英不得已而为之的一条出路。汉译英需要我们不时顾及“意合”向“形合”过渡等问题。朱自清的著名短文匆匆的开头如此优美：燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁?又藏在何处呢?是他们自己逃走了罢：现在又到了哪里呢?Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. Now, you, the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? . If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide them? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment? 卫生部要求，各地卫生部门一旦获得动物疫情信息，要立即与农业部门做到“三同时”，即同时到达现场、同时开展调查、同时进行疫情处理。Chinas Health Ministry requires that the health departments across the country should work synchronously with the agricultural departments once they learn about the outbreak of an epidemic among animals. Health personnel should arrive at the spot, conduct an investigation and proceed to handle the epidemic at the same time together with personnel of the agricultural departments. 另一方面，必须进行广泛宣传，使人们认识到，自然保护区是保护自然及文化遗产的基本单位，它们是在人类进步里程中长期斗争中形成的，对经济建设有着重要的作用。On the other hand, it is necessary to carry on the extensive publicity, enabling the public to know that the protected areas are the basic unit of the management of the natural and cultural heritages, which are formed in the struggle process against the nature by human beings and will play an important role in the economic construction.为保护海洋环境，促进海洋经济可持续发展，必须提高对海洋环境监测的认识，增加投入，加强热点海域的监测，加强海洋生物监测，避免潜伏的海洋灾害发生。In order to promote the development of sustainable marine economy and conserve marine environment, we should pay great attention to reinforcing awareness of marine environmental monitoring, increasing investment and strengthening the monitoring in hot spots as well as biological monitoring to avoid marine calamity. This is why those periods have been so exceptional in history in which men who differed from the holders of power have been permitted, in an atmosphere of reasoned calm，to prove the validity of the insight they claim(HLaski) 因此，人们和掌权者持异义时，还被允许(可以)在心平气和的气氛中证明他们所自以为有的真知灼见是对的，这种时候在历史上很不多见。（朱光潜译）经过二十多年的快速发展，中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础，社会保持稳定，市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善，为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。The rapid development over the past 20 years and more has laid certain material and technological foundation in the western regions of China. / This, coupled with social stability and the gradual shaping and improvement of the market economic system, has created a favorable environment for the sustained and fast economic growth. 或者The rapid development over the past 20 years and more has laid certain material and technological foundation in the western regions of China. / The society there remains stable and the market economic system has been shaping and improving gradually./ All this has created a favorable environment for the sustained and fast economic growth in these regions. 所谓从意合向形合过度，并不局限于文字优雅的描叙上性表达，也同样适用于别的表达，如文采少逊的叙事性语言。如：l 汉武帝时，有躬不死之酒者。东方朔窃饮焉。帝怒，欲杀之。朔日“臣所饮，不死酒也。杀臣，臣必不死，臣若死，亦不验。”帝笑而赦之。译文During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the articles of tribute received by the imperial give the drinker eternal life. It so happened that Dongfang Shuo drank a mouthful of it on the sly. The Emperor was so angry when he learnt about this that he wanted to put Dongfang Shuo to death. The wine I drink, Your Majesty, pleaded Dongfang Shuo, was supposed to give me eternal life. I wouldnt die even if Your Majesty put me to death. If I should die, then the wine is not the genuine stuff it was supposed to be. ” The Emperor was so amused that he pardoned Dongfang Shuo.原文没有使用connectives，一个也没有，用字精少，造句短促其英译就值得我们推敲。其中的斜体字就是Connectives，共计使用了3个sothat、2个if、1个then。把这些Connectives去除，万万不行。它们有穿针引线之功能，能连珠成串!“大珠小珠，散落玉盘”的句型native speakers不会欣赏。 祖国山水，风格多样；多样的风格，相对应而存在，相比较而多姿。杭州西湖，水榭歌台，人工赋予它典雅美。蜀中仙山峨嵋，漂浮于云涛雾海，呈秀色于烟雨浸漫的山林。誉满中华的桂林山水，水秀山奇，山水平分秋色。九寨沟风光，却又是另一番景象了。在那里古树摇曳春秋，山花自谢自开，植被茸茸生烟。海子和瀑布随着季节的推移而变幻多姿。译文：China is a land of scenic contrasts, each uniquely representing its own area: West Lake in Hangzhou with enchanting pavilions set in quiet surroundings. Mount Emei in Sichuan with peaks peeping through mist and clouds, Guilin in Guangxi with panoramic views of mountains and rivers. And Jiuzhaigou presents another view. Aged trees wave the seasons by, amid carpets of wild flowers and thick green vegetation. Sparkling lakes and waterfalls vary with every season.细读英译，Aged trees wave the seasons by，amid carpets of wildflowers and thick green vegetation一句为最佳。“在那里古树摇曳春秋，山花自谢自开，植被茸茸生烟。”被译活了。所谓“古树摇曳春秋”，其含义本为古树舒枝展叶，迎来送走了一个个寒暑。译者聪明地选择了动词wave，巧妙地运用了Impersonal Subject Sentence，接着又顺势而为，带出了一个介词短语，把原本独立难译的两个句子(“山花自谢自开，植被茸茸生烟”)纳入主句。Impersonal Subject Sentence的作用由此可见一斑。 译文的不足在于“杭州西湖，水榭歌台，人工赋予它典雅美。蜀中仙山峨嵋，漂浮于云涛雾海，呈秀色于烟雨浸漫的山林。誉满中华的桂林山水，水秀山奇，山水平分秋色。”一句。译者刻意使用Parallelism，本意可嘉。问题在于，原文若干精彩表达，其相应译文在内容上捉襟见肘。以写桂林的句子为例，原句里的“誉满中华的桂林山水，水秀山奇，山水平分秋色”，译文只剩下了干巴巴的Guilin in Guangxi with panoramic views of mountains and rivers的意思了。无论如何，“水秀山奇”、“山水平分秋色”等内容应在译文中有所体现。现试译此句如下：West Lake in Hangzhou with elegantly built pavilions and terrace halls standing at waterside. Mount Emai in Sichuan with wooded peaks peeping through mist and clouds. Guilin in Guangxi with fancy hills and limpid rivers adding beauty to each other.认识英语和汉语在语言形态学方面的分类，也是汉译英的基本功之一。英语，作为综合型为主的语言，常通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义(比如格、数、时、语态等)。灵活运用英语表达的时态和语态，也能为译文增姿添色。 请读刘白羽的著名散文长江三日的开头雾笼罩着江面，气象森严。十二时，“江津”号起碇顺流而 下了。在长江和嘉陵江汇合之后，江面突然开阔，天穹顿觉低