11 English literature of the 18th century

EnglishLiteratureofthe18thCentury Contents PoliticalandeconomicbackgroundIdeologicalbackgroundLiteraturecharacteristicsImportantwriters Politicalandeconomicbackground FirmestablishmentofcapitalisminEnglandCompromisebetweenthearistocracy Tory andthebourgeoisie Whig DevelopmentofIndustrialRevolutionRiseofEnglandasabigindustrialandcapitalistpowerTheoppressionofpeoplethroughenclosureoflandConflictbetweentheoldaristocracytogetherwiththenewbourgeoisieandthemasses IdeologicalbackgroundAgeofEnlightenment 启蒙运动 Enlightenment aprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcenturyFurtheranceoftheRenaissanceinthe15th 16thcenturiesGiantsofEnlightenment Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau IdeologicalbackgroundAgeofEnlightenment 启蒙运动 CharacteristicsStruggleofthenewlyrisingbourgeoisieagainsttheclassinequality prejudices survivalsoffeudalismadvocateuniversaleducationbelieveinpowerofreason theAgeofReasonmanisbornkindandhonest LiteratureCharacteristics Literatureisheavilydidacticandmoralizing apopularmeansofpubliceducation Literaryform poem playmodernnovelGothicnovels 哥特式小说 HoraceWalpole sTheCastleofOtranto Literarytrends neo classicism 新古典主义 realismsentimentalism 感伤主义 pre romanticism 前浪漫主义 TheDevelopmentofLiterature Thefirst3decades NeoclassicismandPoetry 1740 s 1750 s TheRiseofRealisticNovels Thelastfewyears Sentimentalisminpoems andnovels Pre romanticisminpoems Neo classicism 新古典主义 Neo classicism 新古典主义 AlexanderPope Whateveris isright LiteratureshouldbemodeledaftertheclassicalworksofancientGreekandRomanwritersOrder logic restrainedemotion accuracy goodform unifiedstructureEmphasisuponreasonServicetohumanity Neo classicism 新古典主义 New classicistshavefixedlawsandrulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature Prose precise direct smoothPoetry logical lyricalDrama heroiccouplet threeunities time placeandaction Realism Realism themodernEnglishnovelNaturalproductofthesocialandpoliticaldevelopmentArealisticpresentationofthelifeofthecommonEnglishpeople middleclassPioneers DanielDefoe SamuelRichardson HenryFielding Sentimentalism 感伤主义 Sentimentalism 感伤主义 Socialbackgroundofsentimentalism1 theEnlightenmentbegantodecline2 asaresultofthediscontentwiththesocialreality3 sentimentwasindulgedinasasortofreliefifnotasasolutiontothegrievesandheart aches4 emphasisonsentimentasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjustice Sentimentalism 感伤主义 LiteraryformsinsentimentalismPoetry WilliamCowperDrama RichardSteele thetruefounderofsentimentalcomedy TheLyingLover TheConsciousLovers Prosefictionandnovel OliverGoldsmith sTheVicarofWakefield LawrenceSterne Pre romanticism 前浪漫主义 Pre romanticism 前浪漫主义 i shiftofinterestfromtheclassicalliterarytraditiontooriginalityandimagination fromsocietytoindividualii emphasisonpersonalthoughtsandfeelings oftentriggeredbyobservationofnature Pre romanticism 前浪漫主义 Literatureformsofpre romanticism1 Gothicnovel novelsofterrorwhichemploymedievalbackgroundandcertaingloomysentiment superstitioushorrorandmuchsupernaturalismrepresentativewriters HoraceWalpole sTheCastleofOtrantoandAnnRadcliff sTheMysteriesofUdolpho2 poetry twopre romanticists WilliamBlakeandRobertBurns AnOverviewofthe18thLiterature neoclassism realism sentimentalism Pre romanticism WilliamCowper RichardSteele OliverGoldsmith LawrenceSterne Therisingofthemodernnovels Poetry drama novel Gothicnovels poetry poetry DanielDefoeandHenryFielding AlexanderPope HoraceWalpole AnnRadcliffRobertBurnsandWilliamBlake DanielDefoe 1660 1731 Lifestory borninabutcher sfamily familynameFoe welleducatedwithoutgoingtouniversity DanielDefoe 1660 1731 AlegendarylifeZestforbusinessZestforpolitics wrotesomepoliticalpamphlets TheShortestWaywiththeDissenters 对待非国教徒的最简便方法 1702 HymntothePillory 枷刑颂 Governmentsecretspy Writingcareer NovelistPamphletwriter TheShortestWaywiththeDissenters Satiricalpoet AHymntothePillory and TheTrue BornEnglishman Writingcareer Begantowritehisfirstnovel RobinsonCrusoeatabout60Fournovelsfollowed CaptainSingleton 辛格尔顿船长 1720 MollFlanders 摩尔 弗兰德斯 1722 ColonelJack 杰克上校 1722 andRoxana 罗克萨娜 1724 Defoe sdeepconcernforthepoorandtheunfortunate AJournalofthePlagueYear 大疫年纪事 1722 quotations Flanderssays VicecamealwaysattheDoorofNecessity notattheDoorofInclination Roxanasays HonestyisoutofthequestionwhenStarvationistheCase RobinsonCrusoe 3partsPartI TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoePartII TheFartherAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoePartIII TheSeriousReflectionsDuringtheLifeandSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe RobinsonCrusoe RobinsonCrusoe asailor amerchant aplantationownerandaslavetraderStartswithRobinson srunningawayfromhomeSettlesdowninBrazilEmbarksonanothervoyageStormgetstheshipoffcourseandgetshimcastontheisland StoryofRobinsonCrusoe Aftersleepinginatreeforanight hebeginstomanagehislivelihoodontheisland1 swimsbacktothewreckedshipandgetssomenecessities2 createshisownenvironment 1 sheltersagainstwindandrain 2 defendsagainstthepossibleattacksofanimals 3 buildsahouse growsbarleyandriceanddomesticatesanimals3 encountersthecannibals4 returnstoEngland5 returnstotheisland OnthevoyagetoAfricatobuyslaves hemetwiththemostunfortunateshipwreck IcameonShorehereonthe30thofSept 1659 Beingcastonanisland hedecidedtostaythereandmanagedhislivelihoodforhimself Inordertoprotecthimself hebuiltahouse Footprint Istoodlikeonethunder struck orasifIhadseenanapparition Hefoughtagainstcannibalsavagescomingfromtheneighboringislands LaterherescuedonesavagefromdeathandnamedhimFriday InthehopeofreturningtoEurope hebuiltaboat FinallyanEnglishshipcameandtookhimtoEurope RobinsonCrusoe themes 1 amanstrugglingagainstnatureandmanagingtoliveinaseeminglyprimitiveenvironment2 glorificationofthebourgeoismanwhohasthecourageandwill3 glorificationoflabor physicalandmental JonathanSwift 1667 1745 prose verseandpamphletwritermastersatirist LifestorybornaposthumouschildinDublinofanEnglishfamilyeducatedatTrinityCollege 圣三一学院 1689 1699 asecretarytoaretireddiplomat1699 1701 differentclericalpostsinIreland Londonpamphletwriting IrishresistanceagainsttheEnglishoppressors anationalheroofIreland1742declaredinsane1745diedinDublin JonathanSwift WorksTheBattleoftheBooks 书战 ATaleofaTub 一个木桶的故事 asatireonreligion modernlearningandgovernmentAModestProposal 一个温和的建议 asatireonEnglishrulingclassGulliver sTravels 格列佛游记 asatireoneveryaspectoftheEnglishsociety AModestProposal Igrantthisfoodwillbesomewhatdear andthereforeveryproperforlandlords who astheyhavedevouredmostoftheparents seemtohavethebesttitletothechildren Gulliver sTravels PartI Lilliput lilip t 小人国 Lilliputians pju i n j n officialpostsaregivenaccordingtoskills twoopposingparties civilstrife conflict andwar vicesoftheEnglishsocietyisindirectlysatirized Gulliver sTravels PartII Brobdingnag 大人国 BrobdingnagianssuperiortomenandwomeninGulliver ssocietyGulliver saccountoftherealityofEnglandsatireisdirectlygiven Gulliver sTravels PartIII Laputa l pju t 飞岛国 absent mindedphilosophers abstractandimpracticalcruelmethodsofsuppressingtherebelliouspeopleonthecontinentbelowindirectsatireonthestupidandridiculousscientificresearchandacademy Gulliver sTravels PartIV theCountryofHouyhnhnms h ihn m 慧驷国 HouyhnhnmsandYahoos Gulliverdescribesthelawandlawyer warsandweapons greedformoney exploitationofworkers directandindirectsatireontheEnglishsociety CountryofHouyhnhnms fellowsofdesperatefortunes firedtoflyfromtheplacesoftheirbirth onaccountoftheirpovertyortheircrimes Someareundonebylawsuits othersspentalltheyhadindrinking whoringandgaming othersfledfortreason manyformurder theft poisoning robbery Igavehimadescriptionofcannons culverins muskets carabines pistols bullets powder swords shipssunkwithathousandmen twentythousandkilledoneachside dyinggroans limbsflyingintheair smoke noise confusion tramplingtodeathunderhorses asocietyofmenamongus bredupfromtheiryouthintheartofprovingbywordsmultipliedforthepurpose thatwhiteisblack andblackiswhite accordingastheyarepaid violentdesireofwealth power andtitles Gulliver sTravels AfantasyandarealisticnovelLilliputBrobdingnagLaputaHouyhnhnms Gulliver sTravels AsatireonthewholeEnglishsociety politics science philosophy academyExposestheuglyappearancesofBritishrulingclassesCriticizesthegreedformoneyAttackstheaggressivewarsSympathizeswiththecommonandtheoppressed HenryFielding 1707 1754 thegreatestnovelistofthe18thcentury fatheroftheEnglishnovel Lifestory 1 borninanaristocraticfamilyandwelleducated2 muchtravelling3 1729 makealivingonwritinginLondon4 1729 1730 1737 26plays farcesandcomedies 5 tookuplawandallsortsofliterarywork newspapersandjournals pamphlets poemsandnovels6 appointedtheJusticeofthePeace 治安法官 7 poorhealth Ifweweretomakeaprogressthroughtheoutskirtsofthistown andlookintothehabitationsofthepoor weshouldtherebeholdsuchpicturesofhumanmiseryasmustmovethecompassionofeveryheartthatdeservesthenameofhuman What indeed mustbehiscompositionwhocouldseewholefamiliesinwantofeverynecessaryoflife oppressedwithhunger cold nakedness andfilth andwithdiseases thecertainconsequencesofthese what Isay mustbehiscomposition whocouldlookintosuchasceneasthis andbeonlyaffectedinhisnostrils HenryFielding FieldingasaPlaywright1729 1730 1737 26playsBernardShawcharacterizedHenryFieldingas thegreatestpracticingdramatist withthesingleexceptionofShakespeare producedbyEnglandbetweentheMiddleAgesandthenineteenthcentury 1937 apoliticalcensorshipcameintoeffect HenryFielding FieldingasanovelistTheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews aparodytoSamuelRichardson sPamela TheHistoryofJonathanWildtheGreatTheHistoryofTomJones aFoundlingTheHistoryofAmelia TheHistoryofJonathanWildtheGreat PoliticalsatireonRobertWalpole thePMandthepoliticalsystem Whenyouknowyouareallprigs whatdifferencescanabroadoranarrowbrimcreate Isapriglessapriginonehatthaninanother Ifthepublicshouldbeweakenoughtointerestthemselvesinyourquarrels andtopreferonepacktotheother whilebothareaimingattheirpurses itisyourbusinesstolaughat notimitatetheirfolly TheHistoryofTomJones aFoundling ScenesandcharactersScene1 inthecountrysideAllworthyestateWesternestateMr AllworthyMr WesternLadyBridgetSophiaTomJonesMrs BlackmoreYoungBlifil TheHistoryofTomJones aFoundling Scene2 ontheroadTomJonesSophiaPartridgeMrs Blackmorehermitcousinstorywithinstory TheHistoryofTomJones aFoundling Scene3 InLondonTomJonesLadyBellastonSophiaLordFellamarSquireWesternBlifilSquireAllworthyimportantdiscovery TheHistoryofTomJones aFoundling Significanceofthenovel1 successfulcharacter portrayal1 astrikingcontrast TomJonesandBlifil2 vividportrayalofPortia2 excellentplotconstructionthreebigdivisions storieswithinstories3 third personnarration TheHistoryofTomJones aFoundling 4 third personnarration5 languageiseasy unlabored andfamiliar butextremelyvividandvigorous6 atruthfulpictureoftheEnglishsociety7 sympathyforthecommonpeopleantipathytothewicked especiallythearistocrats ThomasGray 1716 1771 LifestorySonofaLondonexchangebrokerEducatedatEton HoraceWalpoleandRichardWest thenatCambridgeAquietmanandanuneventfullife ThomasGray 1716 1771 Writingcareer asmallliteraryoutputAtouchofpersonalmelancholyDevotedtoasentimentallamentationormeditationuponlifeanddeathHismasterpiece ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard establisheshisfameastheleaderofthesentimentalpoetry especially theGraveyardschool ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard 墓畔哀歌 Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday Thelowingherdwindslowlyo erthelea Theplowmanhomewardplodshiswearyway Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome 晚钟敲响了丧钟 送走逝去的白昼 低鸣的牛群迂曲绕行 缓缓走在草原上 犁地人拖着脚步 疲惫地走在回家的路上 把整个世界留给黑暗和我 Theoutcomeofabout8years carefulcompositionandpolishConnectedwiththemelancholyeventofdeathofRichardWestReflectsondeath thesorrowsoflifewithatouchofpersonalmelancholyThepoemaboundsinnaturalimagesandarousesfeelinginheartofthereader RichardBrinsleySheridan 1751 1816 1 Theonlyimportantdramatistofthe18thcentury2 Greatestplaywrightinthe18thcentury3 LinksbetweenthemasterpiecesofShakespeareandthoseofBernardShaw RichardBrinsleySheridan 1751 1816 Lifestory borninDublin IrelandeducatedatHarrow EnglandandsettledinBath1772gotmarriedfrom21 beganplaywriting1780 electedMPvariousoffices1812 droppedoutofparliamentandarrested1816 diedinpovertyandburiedinWestminsterAbbey Sheridan sRepresentativeWorks 1 TheRivals 情敌 对手 2 TheSchoolforScandal 造谣学校 masterpieceConstantthemeismorality Sheridan sTheRivals Lydia CaptainAbsolute BobAcres Mrs Malaprop malapropism aridiculousmisusageofbigwords可笑的用词错误 TheSchoolforScandal 造谣学校 BestcomedysinceShakespearescandal mongers tale makers tale bearersinventing spreading gossiping TheSchoolforScandal 造谣学校 MaincharactersCharlesSurfacerake gambler kind hearted affectionate pureandsincereJosephSurfacemodestandvirtuousatfirstsight callous hypocriticalandselfishSirOliverSurfacedisguisedasausurerandapoorrelative TheSchoolforScandal 造谣学校 SirPeterTeazle arichelderlygentlemanLadyTeazle apoorgirl aristocraticwomanMaria thecouple swardLadySneerwellLadyTeazle sfriendinlovewithCharles LadySneerwell Charles MariaJosephLadyTeazle CharlesSurface doublebliss fortuneandbeautyJosephSurfaceendupwithnothinghypocrisy egoismanddishonesty exposedOliverSurfaceSirTeazleSirTeazleandLadyTeazle reconciled Themessatireonthemoraldegeneracyofaristocratic bourgeoissocietyscandalandgossipextramaritalloveaffairshypocrisyandegoism ComparisonbetweenCharlesandTomComparisonbetweenJosephandBlifilComparisonbetweenHenryFieldingandSheridan Definition alliterationheroiccoupletsonnetsoliloquyallegory BeowulfGeoffreyChaucer TheCanterburyTalesRenaissance humanistThomasMore UtopiaEdmundSpencer TheFaerieQueenWilliamShakespeare sonnet comedy tragedyFrancisBacon OfStudies JohnDonne conceit metaphysicalschoolJohnMilton worksandhiscontradictionJohnBunyan ThePilgrim sProgressDanielDefoe RobinsonCrusoeJonathanSwift Gulliver sTravelsHenryFielding TomJones aFoundlingRichardBrinsleySheridan TheSchoolforScandal BlankfillingMultiplechoicesDefinitionEssayquestions WilliamBlake 1757 1827 Amanofgreatvisionandimagination IknowthatThisWorldisaWorldofIMAGINATION VISION TheNatureofmyworkisimaginaryandvisionary Literarily WilliamBlakeisthefirstimportantromanticpoet WilliamBlake 1757 1821 BornandbroughtupinLondonLittleschoolingAt10 senttoadrawingschoolAt14 apprenticedtoanengraverThroughhislife apoetandanengraverHisgeniusinpoetrywasrecognizedposthumously Hisworks PoeticalSketches 1783 SongsofInnocence 1789 SongsofExperience 1794 TheSongsofInnocenceAlovelyvolumeofpoemsPresentingahappyandinnocentworld thoughnotwithoutitsevilsandsufferings Throughthemouthofchildren thepoetexpresseshisloveforthebeautyoftheworld Poemsareshortandlyricaland happysongs Existenceofsocialharmony Godisinhisheaven All srightwiththeworld TheLittleBlackBoy Mymotherboremeinthesouthernwild AndIamblack butO mysouliswhite WhiteasanangelisheEnglishchild ButIamblack asifbereavedoflight TheChimney Sweeper WhenmymotherdiedIwasveryyoung AndmyfathersoldmewhileyetmytongueCouldscarcecry weep Weep Weep SoyourchimneysIsweep andinsootIsleep TheSongofExperiencePaintsaworldofmisery poverty disease warandrepressionwithamelancholytone Thepoetpointsoutthattheearthisunhappyandlacksloveandgaiety Themiserablelivingconditionsofthepoorarereflected ChildhoodiscentraltoBlake sconcerninbothvolumes Somepoemsarerevisedandrewritten TheLittleBoyLost Socialcriticismontherealityeconomicexploitationofchildrenunreasonablereligiouspersecutionanditslackofsympathyforthepoorpeople London charter dstreet astreetonwhichcertainpersonsaregivenspecialprivileges7 ban publicnoticeorordermind forg dmanacles themanaclesmadebythemindsoftherulers15 16 bringscalamityuponthetearfulnew bornbabyandruinsthenew wedlovers London Whatisthecapitallike charteredstreetandcharteredThamesWhatcanbeseeninLondon marksofweaknessandwoeWhatcanbeheard cry sigh curseWhatkindofpeoplearedescribed chimneysweeper haplesssoldier harlotWhatdoesBlakewanttoexpress thepoor smiseryand