Noel prizes in physics.ppt

nobelprizeinphysics presentedby ashrafgouda thenobelprizeinphysicshasbeenawardedto180individualssince1901 johnbardeenwasawardedtheprizeinboth1956and1972 nobleprizeinphysics ashrafgouda whatisphysics andwhyshouldyoucare physicsisthestudyofthebasicphysicalworlditaddresses how and why questionsitexplainsandpredictshowtheuniverseworks physicsiskeytoscientificliteracyunderstandingphysicsisusefulineverydaylifeleavingphysicalproblemtootherisexpensivemoderntechnologicalsocietydependonphysics thenobelprizeinphysics1901 inrecognitionoftheextraordinaryserviceshehasrenderedbythediscoveryoftheremarkablerayssubsequentlynamedafterhim wilhelmconradr ntgengermany x rays howarex raysmade thepenetratingraysdiscoveredbyr ntgenin1895 x rays whatarethey electromagneticwavesofshorterwavelengthandhigherenergythannormallightbutthedebatesoverthenatureoftherays wavesorparticles continueduntilthewave particledualitywasgenerallyacceptedinthe1920s photonscanbedescribedbothaswavesandparticles x raysinuse thenobelprizeinphysics1902 inrecognitionoftheextraordinaryservicetheyrenderedbytheirresearchesintotheinfluenceofmagnetismuponradiationphenomena hendrikantoonlorentzthenetherlandspieterzeemanthenetherlands zeemaneffect isthesplittingofaspectrallineintoseveralcomponentsinthepresenceofastaticmagneticfieldsincethedistancebetweenthezeemansub levelsisproportionaltothemagneticfield thiseffectisusedbyastronomerstomeasurethemagneticfieldofthesunandotherstars lorentztransformation convertsbetweentwodifferentobservers measurementsofspaceandtime whereoneobserverisinconstantmotionwithrespecttotheothertimeisdifferentfromframetoanotheryoucan ttransferenergywithavgreaterthanc thenobelprizeinphysics1903 inrecognitionoftheextraordinaryserviceshehasrenderedbyhisdiscoveryofspontaneousradioactivity inrecognitionoftheextraordinaryservicestheyhaverenderedbytheirjointresearchesontheradiationphenomenadiscoveredbyprofessorhenribecquerel antoinehenribecquerel1 2pierrecurie1 4mariecurie1 4france radioactivedecay radioactivedecayistheprocessinwhichanunstableatomicnucleuslosesenergybyemittingradiationintheformofparticlesorelectromagneticwaves thenobelprizeinphysics1906 inrecognitionofthegreatmeritsofhistheoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationsontheconductionofelectricitybygases josephjohnthomsonunitedkingdom workoncathoderays inhisfirstexperiment heinvestigatedwhetherornotthenegativechargecouldbeseparatedfromthecathoderaysbymeansofmagnetisminhissecondexperiment heinvestigatedwhetherornottherayscouldbedeflectedbyanelectricfieldinhisthirdexperiment thomsonmeasuredthecharge to massratioofthecathoderaysbymeasuringhowmuchtheyweredeflectedbyamagneticfieldandhowmuchenergytheycarriedapplication cathoderaystube crt thenobelprizeinphysics1909 inrecognitionoftheircontributionstothedevelopmentofwirelesstelegraphy guglielmomarconiitalykarlferdinandbraungermany inventionofradio marconibegantoconductexperiments buildingmuchofhisownequipmentintheatticofhishomeatthevillagriffoneinpistachio italy hisgoalwastouseradiowavestocreateapracticalsystemof wirelesstelegraphy marconi ssystemhadthefollowingcomponentsarelativelysimpleoscillator awireorcapacityareaplacedataheightabovetheground acohererreceiveratelegraphkeytooperatethetransmittertosendshortandlongpulses correspondingtothedots and dashesofmorsecodeatelegraphregister activatedbythecoherer whichrecordedthetransmittedmorsecodedots and dashesontoarollofpapertape thenobelprizeinphysics1915 fortheirservicesintheanalysisofcrystalstructurebymeansofx rays sirwilliamhenrybraggunitedkingdomwilliamlawrencebraggunitedkingdom x raycrystallography diffractionfromathreedimensionalperiodicstructuresuchasatomsinacrystaliscalledbraggdiffraction thenobelprizeinphysics1918 inrecognitionoftheservicesherenderedtotheadvancementofphysicsbyhisdiscoveryofenergyquanta maxkarlernstludwigplanckgermany quantummechanics theword quantum latin howmuch inquantummechanicsreferstoadiscreteunitthatquantumtheoryassignstocertainphysicalquantities suchastheenergyofanatomatrest thediscoverythatwaveshavediscreteenergypackets calledquanta thatbehaveinamannersimilartoparticles e hv thenobelprizeinphysics1921 forhisservicestotheoreticalphysics andespeciallyforhisdiscoveryofthelawofthephotoelectriceffect alberteinsteingermanyandswitzerland photoelectriceffect thephotoelectriceffectisaquantumelectronicphenomenoninwhichelectronsareemittedfrommatteraftertheabsorptionofenergyfromelectromagneticradiationsuchasx raysorvisiblelight theemittedelectronscanbereferredtoasphotoelectronsinthiscontext studyofthephotoelectriceffectledtoimportantstepsinunderstandingthequantumnatureoflightandelectronsandinfluencedtheformationoftheconceptofwave particleduality applications specialtheoryofrelativity firstpostulate thelawsofphysicsarethesameinallinertialframesofreference secondpostulate thespeedoflightinavacuumisauniversalconstant c whichisindependentofthemotionofthelightsource c 299792458m s timedilation twinparadox lorentzcontractionequivalenceofmassandenergy e mc 2 thenobelprizeinphysics1922 forhisservicesintheinvestigationofthestructureofatomsandoftheradiationemanatingfromthem nielshenrikdavidbohrdenmark bohrmodel inatomicphysics thebohrmodeldepictstheatomasasmall positivelychargednucleussurroundedbyelectronsthattravelincircularorbitsaroundthenucleus similarinstructuretothesolarsystem butwithelectrostaticforcesprovidingattraction ratherthangravity theelectronstravelinorbitsthathavediscretequantizedspeeds andthereforequantizedenergies thatis noteveryorbitispossiblebutonlycertainspecificones atcertainspecificdistancesfromthenucleus theelectronsdonotcontinuouslyloseenergyastheytravel theycanonlygainandloseenergybyjumpingfromoneallowedorbittoanother thenobelprizeinphysics1927 forhisdiscoveryoftheeffectnamedafterhim forhismethodofmakingthepathsofelectricallychargedparticlesvisiblebycondensationofvapor arthurhollycomptonusacharlesthomsonreeswilsonunitedkingdom comptonscattering inphysics comptonscatteringorthecomptoneffectisthedecreaseinenergy increaseinwavelength ofanx rayorgammarayphoton whenitinteractswithmatter thenobelprizeinphysics1929 forhisdiscoveryofthewavenatureofelectrons princelouis victorpierreraymonddebrogliefrance debrogliehypothesis allmatter anyobject hasawave likenature wave particleduality hesuggestedthatthewave particledualismthatappliestoemradiationalsoappliestoparticlesofmatter heproposedthateverykindofparticlehasbothwaveandparticleproperties hence electronscanbethoughtofaseitherparticlesorwaves thenobelprizeinphysics1932 forthecreationofquantummechanics theapplicationofwhichhas interalia ledtothediscoveryoftheallotropicformsofhydrogen wernerkarlheisenberggermany uncertaintyprinciple whichlaysitdownthatthedeterminationofthepositionandmomentumofamobileparticlenecessarilycontainserrorstheproductofwhichcannotbelessthanthequantumconstanthandthat althoughtheseerrorsarenegligibleonthehumanscale theycannotbeignoredinstudiesoftheatom thenobelprizeinphysics1933 forthediscoveryofnewproductiveformsofatomictheory erwinschr dingeraustriapauladrienmauricediracunitedkingdom atomictheory inchemistryandphysics atomictheoryisatheoryofthenatureofmatter whichstatesthatmatteriscomposedofdiscreteunitscalledatoms asopposedtoobsoletebeliefsthatmattercouldbedividedintoanyarbitrarilysmallquantity or inanutshell theideathatallthingsaremadeofatoms thechemistsoftheerabelievedthebasicunitsoftheelementswerealsothefundamentalparticlesofnatureandnamedthematoms derivedfromthegreekwordatomos meaning indivisible however aroundtheturnofthe20thcentury throughvariousexperimentswithelectromagnetismandradioactivity physicistsdiscoveredthattheso called indivisibleatom wasactuallyaconglomerateofvarioussubatomicparticles chiefly electrons protonsandneutrons whichcanexistseparatelyfromeachother schr dingerequation solutionsoftheanalyticalsolutionsofthetime independentschr dingerequationcanbeobtainedforavarietyofrelativelysimpleconditions thesesolutionsprovideinsightintothenatureofquantumphenomenaandsometimesprovideareasonableapproximationofthebehaviorofmorecomplexsystems e g instatisticalmechanics molecularvibrationsareoftenapproximatedasharmonicoscillators thenobelprizeinphysics1935 forthediscoveryoftheneutron jameschadwickunitedkingdom thenobelprizeinphysics1956 fortheirresearchesonsemiconductorsandtheirdiscoveryofthetransistoreffect williambradfordshockleyusajohnbardeenusawalterhouserbrattainusa vacuumtubes thevacuumtubethathundredyearsagoonlyhadaroleinscientists explorationoftheprocessesinmatter has thankstomanytechnicalinventions evolvedintoanapparatusthatisfoundinvirtuallyeveryhomeandoffice thetelevisiontubeandthecomputerscreen firsttransistor solid statetransistor sincethensemiconductordeviceshaveevolvedtremendously todaytransistorsareextremelysmallandcomepackedinmillionsontotinysiliconchipscalledintegratedcircuitsthisinventionisessentialfordigitaltechnologieslikecomputers mobilephones cds mp3sordvds thelistcouldbemadealmostinfinite forinstance withoutsemiconductortechnologytherewouldbenointernet soyouwouldnotbeabletoreadthistext actionsoftransistor switchesamplifiershowmanytransistorsonthepentium4 thenobelprizeinphysics1969 forhiscontributionsanddiscoveriesconcerningtheclassificationofelementaryparticlesandtheirinteractions murraygell mannusabibalex thenobelprizeinphysics1973 fortheirexperimentaldiscoveriesregardingtunnelingphenomenainsemiconductorsandsuperconductors respectively forhistheoreticalpredictionsofthepropertiesofasupercurrentthroughatunnelbarrier inparticularthosephenomenawhicharegenerallyknownasthejosephsoneffects leoesakijapanbibalexivargiaeverusabriandavidjosephsonunitedkingdom thenobelprizeinphysics1985 forthediscoveryofthequantizedhalleffect klausvonklitzingfederalrepublicofgermanybibalex thenobelprizeinphysics1996 fortheirdiscoveryofsuperfluidityinhelium 3 davidm leeusadouglasd osheroffbibalexusarobertc richardsonusa thenobelprizeinphysics1999 forelucidatingthequantumstructureofelectroweakinteractionsinphysics gerardus thooftthenetherlandsbibalexmartinusj g veltmanthenetherlands thenobelprizeinphysics2006 fortheirdiscoveryoftheblackbodyformandanisotropyofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation johnc matherusageorgef smootusa thenobelprizeinphysics2007 forthediscoveryofgiantmagnetoresistance albertfertfrancepetergr nberggermany harddisks portablecomputers musicplayers andpowerfulsearchengines allrequireharddiskswheretheinformationisverydenselypacked informationonaharddiskisstoredintheformofdifferentlymagnetizedareasacertaindirectionofmagnetizationcorrespondstothebinaryzero andanotherdirectioncorrespondstothebinaryvalueofone inordertoaccesstheinformation aread outheadscanstheharddiskandreg