雅思阅读技巧专题介绍.doc

一雅思阅读猜词常用词缀（在我的信箱里）常用前缀（Prefixes）: a-, an- not, without, hackin ultra- beyond, excessive, extreme常用词根（Stems）:-anthro-, -anthropo- man -metr-, -meter- measure -morph- form -pathy- feeling, suffering常用后缀（Suffixes）:-phobia , -mania , scope, -cide二 雅思阅读技巧篇 第1节 寻找3种语言重现 同其他考试的阅读部分相比，雅思考试阅读部分最大的特点是文章篇幅长。考生要在 一个小时内完成8种类型共计40道题目(这个要求近乎苛刻)。因此，阅读目的就从单纯的“信息获取转变成”寻找答案”。在这个过程中，原文涉及的大部分细节内容对于完成题目是无意义的，无需字斟句酌。只有在阅读中准确把握题干的关键词，才能区分哪些字句与题目(答题点)有关。 所谓“关键词是指题干中的核心词或者决定答案性质或位置的词。典型的关键词是句子的主干、人名、地名、时间、数字和生词。由于它们会在原文重现，因此产生了一种答题方法：回原文找关键词。这往往给考生一种印象：只要在题干中划出关键词就一定能找到 原词。那么关键词一定会“原型”重现吗?请看下面这道判断题：Example: While it is acknowledged for many years that an increasing number of animals are bound to become extinct，it is only recently that the problem has been addressed by politicians题目: We have known for along time that more species of animals will disappear(判断题)AA语言重现 关键词在原文中以原词形式出现。AA语言重现在试题中占的比例最大，也是最简单的一类考法。它以特殊关键词为主，包括人名、地名、时间、数字和生词。Example: At precisely 4:20 am on Friday the 24th of September 1993 it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world，and Australians everywhere，notonly Sydney-siders，were justifiably proud of the resultBut，if Sydney had lost the bid，wouldthe taxpayers of NESW and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise?题目：How many cities were competing in 1993 for the right to hold the 2000 Games? (简答题)AB语言重现定义：关键词A在原文中以同义词B的形式出现。AB语言重现题考察考生的单词量，主要凭理解力去定位。Sea fishing grew rapidly in the decades after the Second World War. Mechanisation increased the fishermens catch in traditional grounds and then carried them to distant waters for more.题目: Technological developments contributed to the higher fish catches after the Second World War. ( 判断题 )关系重现定义：所谓“关系重现”是把定位对象从“词”上升到“句子结构”，从而越过生词造成的阅读障碍。这是最关键的一类语言重现，是阅读技巧的完美体现。例：Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded.题目：Paper is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is _(填空题)再比如，有一道简答题这样问：Name TWO reasons for loss of farmland. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS in both of your answers.Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries. And the impact will be felt widely throughout the region. In the 1990s alone, he says, the cities of Asia will be swollen by a further 500 million people_nearly equal to the population of the United States and European Community combined. The only growing population in Asia is that of the poor. Prime productive land is being used for city expansion and building roads, while thousands of hectares are being taken out of production each year because of salinity and alkalinity. 第2节发现文章中的信号词一篇雅思阅读文章的主体是实词(名词、动词、形容词等)，但一些表面上不起眼的虚词却往往成为答案的信号，我们称之为“信号词”，并建议读者给予它们特别的关注。转折信号词转折信号词的作用是否定前项肯定后项，使前后两句话的方向或意思相反。表示转折关系的信号词有：but，yet，however，whereas，in fact，on the contrary，conversely, on the other hand等。公式: A （正/负）， but B (负/正)应用: 在阅读前半句时就可以预测后半句的大意，使接下来的阅读过程变成求证，如同把文章读了两遍。另外，在有生词的情况下，只要理解了半句话的意思，就可以推测另一半句子的含义。例如1：The second flaw in the reasoning of the WZCS ( The World Zoo Conservation Strategy )document is the naive faith it places in its 1,000 core zoos. One would assume that the caliber of these institutions would have been carefully examined, but it appears that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association. This might be a good starting point, working on the premise that members must meet certain standards, but again the facts dont support the theory.题目 Zoos in the WZCS select list were carefully inspected(判断题)例如2：The Aborigines made no use of Leptospermum or Dodonaea as food plants, yet the early settlers found that one could be used as a substitute for tea and the other for hops.例如3：From the mid-1960s when the Green revolution began, Asian food production doubled through a combination of high-yielding crops, expanded farming area and greater intensification. However, a mysterious threat is emerging in the noticeably declining yields of rice.让步信号词让步信号词的作用与转折信号词相同，让前后两句话的方向或意思相反。表示让步关系的信号词有：though，although，while，albeit，despite，in spite of，nevertheless，nonetheless等。公式： although A （正/负）， B (负/正)应用 让步信号词具有同转折信号词相同的用法，可在阅读的过程中根据前半句的方向或意思判断后半句的方向或意思。例如1：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle，without adequate supplies of food，chaos could easily result分析 前半句是正面积极的意思，后半句话峰一转，表述负面消极的意思。例如2：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quantity of food.分析 while是个含义丰富的连词，它在雅思阅读中最常见的意思是a，though”尽管，虽然”。前半句说鸭子的好处，后半句说坏处。试分析下列句子的前后方向：1. While some students are able to supplement their funds with money from part-time or vacation work, such work is not always regular even when available.2. For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies.3. Despite the importance of tomorrows test, Hans still decided to begin to study next morning.4. This years fall in profits was not unexpected. Nevertheless, it is very disappointing.并列信号词阅读中碰到复杂的大并列时，先看连词后面的内容。如果连词后面是动词，回上文找并列的动词；如果是形容词，就回上文找形容词性的并列成分，包括_ing分词和_ed分词。表示并列关系的信号词有：and，or，as well as，either-or; neither -nor; not only-but also; rather than 等。例1：The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of narrow, dark streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.例2：Many people stay at jobs they are too old for rather than meet possible rejection.分析 rather than 的后项是动词meet，因此并列的前项也是动词，即stay.特殊关键词特殊关键词(人名、地名、时间、数字和生词)是最好的定位标志，多以AA的形式重现。 比较信号词 比较分为类比和对比两种。做题时要理解比较的双方(谁同谁比较)、比较点(比较什么)和比较的方向(结果怎么样)。类比_比较相同点，信号词有asas，like，similar，parallel等。1. These two detectives are as jealous as a pair of professional models.2. Like his father President Bush is a republican.3. Scribner and Cole regard classroom learning as parallel to learning in daily life.对比_比较不同点，信号词有more than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast with 等。1. It is far easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.2. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable.3. In contrast with your belief that we will fail, I am confident we will succeed.另外，还可通过时间或地点的差异造成强对比。1. Between11 and l5 million salmon once spawned in the Columbia river systemNow there are only 3 million，分析 两个时间副词体现出大马哈鱼现在和过去产卵情况大相径庭(时间对比)。如果这里有判断题The number of salmon in the Colombia river system has dropped dramatically答案应选那一个？（True/False/Not Given）2. Those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts. They ground these seeds between flat stones to make coarse flour. Tribes on the coast, and particularly in the vicinity of coastal rainforests, had a more varied vegetable diet with a higher proportion of fruits and tubers.分析 既然内陆(dry inland area)土著人的蔬菜主要由植物种子构成，那么与之构成地点强烈对比的海岸地区(coast)土著人的蔬菜品种肯定不止于此。接下来的精读不过是求证的过程。试分析下列句子中比较的双方、比较点和比较的方向：1. As a general rule, international students should expect to spend at 1east as much on monthly living expenses during the summer as they do during the academic year.2. The extra money that tourism brings in more than makes up for the inconvenience of its citizens, said the chairman.举例信号词 举例信号词是对上文的解释说明，信号词前后的内容意思相同。可用做举例的信号词有：for example，for instance，like，such as等。英语里的破折号和冒号也有相同的作用。1. In general, those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts.2. When the car comes to a river, it turns amphibious two hydrojets power it along by blasting water under its body.因果信号词 大因果表示原因或结果的成分都是句子的，叫大因果。表示原因的信号词：because，in that，as，since 等。1. I am in a slightly awkward position, in that my secretary is on holiday at the moment.2. There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity.表示结果的信号词: so (that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently 等。1. The first of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided design (CAD) systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time, Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system will take care of that.2. In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the communitys female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% of men.小因果表示原因或结果的成分都是动词(词组)或介词(词组)的，叫小因果。1. Increased air temperature has brought about higher sea levels分析 本句的意思是气温的增加导致海平面上升。bring about在这里表示前因后果关系，即“因为气温增加所以海平面上升”。2. Necessity led to experimentation分析 需要导致实践，需要和实践之间是因果关系。需要注意的是，thus等小词有时也可构成小因果关系。例如：As our roads become more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians.试理解下列句子中的因果关系：1.One of London Zoos recent advertisements caused me great irritation.2. The high cost of oil poses serious problems for industry.3. The advertising campaign has contributed significantly to the success of the new car.4. His illness resulted from eating contaminated food.5. Cutting the hefty subsidies that go to the worlds coal producers would help tilt the worlds energy balance towards natural gas.6. His success can be attributed to hard working.7. The border incident precipitated the two countries into war.8. I think a lack of confidence underlies his aggressive manner.9. A higher price greatly affected demand for electricity.10. Governments could take advantage of todays low oil prices to build up their own stocks.11. Population aging is mainly due to a decline in fertility.12. Elderly women outnumber elderly men because of gains in female longevity.分析 除去第4，6，11, 12句，其余句子都是前因后果。当然，除了上述7种信号词之外，各段首句也能传递很多信息，需引起注意。三 Sentence Completion句子填空题 题型概述： 句子填空题的特点和后面要讲的Summary填空相似，是用原文当中的细节信息把题目中的句子补充完整。解决方案：1。做题前要理解整个句子的含义并判断空格所缺词的词性，并确定关键词，然后回原文找重现。2。如果题目中有特殊的关键词：人名、地名、时间、数字和生词，可以直接回原文找它们；如果没有类似信息，大多数情况下原文只会重现题干的含义。当题干很复杂或含有生词时，要留意其中是否存在可以利用的关系，例如比较关系和因果关系。3。找到关键词的语言重现后精读原文，并找到题目需要的词语作为答案。个别时候可能原文中的单词或结构做出部分改动，或用自己的语言表述。另外需注意语态、时态、名词的单复数问题。注意 1所填答案必须符合语法。2绝大多数的答案来自原文原词。3答案字数不会很长。4答案绝大多数是名词，名词短语，形容词（短语）和副词（短语）。5要特别注意顺序性。Example:1 It is better to give than to receive; Never look a gift horse in the mouth; Beware of Greeks (ancient, of course) bearing gifts. Gifts are a fundamental element of culture and our lives as social creatures. They are also an important part of our business relationships.2 There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity. Present a simple gift to your host in a foreign country and the chances are he or she will understand you perfectly, though you may not understand a single word of each others languages. Its can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their hospitality and the importance you place upon the relationship. Combine the act of giving with some knowledge of and sensitivity to the culture of the recipient and you have an invaluable chance to earn respect and lay the foundations of a durable and mutually beneficial business relationship.3 For all countries, take account of climate, especially in regard to clothing. Some gifts can be ruined by extremely hot or humid climates, possibly causing their receiver considerable anguish. Consider the kinds of products that are abundant in the country concerned and try for something that is uncommon there. Think about the level of language skills: a book with hundreds of pages of English text may be at best useless, at worst embarrassing, to a person with limited English. Inform yourself as much as possible about local customs, rules and etiquette, especially to do with wrapping, presenting, superstitions, taboos and, importantly, customs and quarantine regulations. The following is a brief account of the etiquette of gift-giving in some countries of Asia and the Middle East.Questions 1-4Statements 1-4 are based on the Reading Passage above. Complete the statementsby using ONE word from the Reading Passage for each answer.1. Differences in culture and _ can be overcome by gifts.2. Overseas visitors are advised to give gifts to their _.3. _should be considered when giving gifts such as thick clothing.4. To present a gift of chocolates in a tropical country might create _.四 判断题 rue/False/Not Given解题步骤：Step 1：定位，找出题目在原文中的出处。 1找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。将题目中的关键词与原文各段落的小标题或每段话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落，这必将大大加快解题时间，并提高准确率。但并不是每个题目都能先定位到原文中的一个段落的。2从头到尾快速阅读该段落，根据题目中的其它关键词，在原文中找出与题目相关的一句话或几句话。 确定一个段落后，答案在该段落中的具体位置是未知的。所以，需要从头到尾快速阅读该段落，找出该段落中与题目相关的一句话或几句话，通常是一句话。3仔细阅读这一句话或几句话，根据第二大步中的原则和规律，确定正确答案。4要注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。 题目是有顺序性的。第一题的答案应在文章的前部，第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。这个规律也有助于同学们确定答案的位置。Step2：根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答案 笔者尽可能将规律总结得详细些，使同学们能够对号入座，加快解题的速度和准确率。但请同学们不要僵化理解。 1. TrueSituation 1. 题目是原文的同义词例1原文：Few are more than five years old译文：很少有超过五年的。题目：Most are less than five years old译文：大多数都小于五年。解释：题目与原文是同义结构，所以答案应为True。例2原文：Frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival，and biologists are at a loss to explaintheir demise译文：青蛙失去了生存下来的生态竞争能力，生物学家不能解释它们的死亡。题目：Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying译文：生物学家不能解释为什么青蛙死亡。例3原文：Women could not take part and were forbidden，on pain of death，even to attend the Games译文：妇女不能参加甚至被禁止出席这个运动会。题目：The spectators，as well as the participants, of the ancient Olympics were male译文：古代奥运会的观众和参加者都是男的。Situation 2 题目是根据原文中的几句话推断或归纳而成。例1原文：Compare our admission inclusive fares and see how much you saveCheapest is not the best and value for money is guaranteedIf you compare our bargain Daybreak fares beware _ most of our competitors do not offer an all inclusive fare译文：比较我们包含的费用会看到你省了很多钱。最便宜的不是最好的。如果你比较我们的价格，会发现绝大多数的竞争对手不提供一揽子费用。题目：Daybreak fares are more expensive than most of their competitors.译文：Daybreak的费用比绝大多数的竞争对手都昂贵。例2原文：For example，it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of l-2 minutes after a call is received by the policeWhen response times increase to 3-4 minutesstill quite a rapid responsethe likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced译文：例如，只有反应时间在警察接到电话之后l2分钟，快速反应才会使抓住罪犯的可能性更大。当反应时间增加到34分钟，仍然是非常快的反应，抓住罪犯的可能性就实质性地降低。题目：A response delay of l一2 minutes may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught译文：l2分钟的反应延迟会对嫌疑犯是否被抓住产生实质性的影响。 2. False Situation 1: 题目与原文直接相反。通常用反义词，not加同义词及反义结构。例1原文：A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies.译文：当最后一个个体死亡时，一个物种就灭亡了。题目：A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists译文：当只有一个个体存活时，一个物种就被说是灭亡了。例2原文：It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australias forests译文：在美国它已经成功地用于支持资源开发和帮助野生生命研究管理者。现在，在使用它对澳大利亚的森林中的野生生物管理上有巨大的潜力。题目：PVA has been used in Australia for many years译文：PVA已经在澳大利亚使用多年了。例3原文：You may qualify for the Common Interest Group system，if you are one of at least ten adults who are traveling together译文：如果你是至少10个一起旅行的成人中的一个，你可能会适合Common Interest Group模式。题目：The Common Interest Group scheme does not apply if there are 11 adults in the group译文：如果一个组里有11个成人，Common Interest Group 模式就不适用。Situation 2: 原文是多个条件并列，题目是其中一个条件（出现must或only）。原文是两个或多个情形 (通常是两种情形)都可以，常有bothand、and、or、及also等词。题目是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况，常有must及only等词。例1原文：Booking in advance is strongly recommended as a11 Daybreak tours are subject to demandSubject to availability，stand-by tickets can be purchased from the driver译文：提前预定是强烈建议的，因为所有的Daybreak旅行都是由需求决定的。如果还有票的话，可直接向司机购买。题目：Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent译文：票必须提前从一个认证的代理处购买。例2原文：Since the Winter Games began，55 out of 56 gold medals in the mens Nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union译文：自从冬奥会开始，在男子越野滑雪项目中的56块中的55块金牌被来自北欧和前苏联的选手获得。题目：Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in the mens winter Olympics译文：只有北欧人获得了冬运会男子越野滑雪项目中的金牌。例3原文：Apart from the Second World War period the Winter Olympics were held every four years，a few months before the summer OlympicsBut in 1986 the IOC changed the schedule so that the summer and winter games would be held in different yearsThus，for the only time in history，the Lillehammer (Norway) Games took place just two years after the previous Winter Olympics which were held in Alvertville，France题目