英语语言学之Morphology PPT课件

1 Lecture5 授课题目 morphology 2 教学目标及基本要求 Teachingtargetandobject 1 Letstudentsknowwhatmorphologyis andhowthemorphemesarecombinedintolargerunitsforhumancommunication 2 Letstudentsknowhownewwordsareformed 3 教学重点Teachingfocus 1 wordandwordclasses 2 word morphemes andallomorph 3 typesofmorphemes 4 morphologicalrules 5 theformationofnewwords 4 Revisionexercises Whatisphonology Whatisthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology Howcanwedistinguishaphone aphonemeandanallophone Whatisaminimalpair Giveussomeexamples 5 WhatisMorphology Morphologystudiesmorphemesandtheirdifferentformsandthewaytheycombineinwordformation Soitreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed Morphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructure formsandclassesofwords 6 Forexample Purify consistsoftwoparts pur e and ify fromwhichonecanworkoutarule anewformofverbcanbeformedbyadding ify toanadjective Thisiscalledamorphologicalrule doing consistedoftwoparts do and ing fromwhichwecanworkoutarule wecanput ing toaverbtoforma ing participle 形态学研究词素 词素的不同形态 即词素变体 极其构词法 英语形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的 7 Whatisaword Whatarethemainfeaturesofaword 8 Whatdoyouthinkofthefollowingdefinitionsofaword Awordisameaningfulgroupoflettersprintedorwrittenhorizontallyacrossapieceofpaper Awordis aminimumfreeform thatis thesmallestformthatcanoccurbyitself 9 Thefourcharacteristicsofaword Awordisasoundorcombinationofsoundswhichweproducevoluntarilywithourvocalequipment e g we wi Awordissymbolic Itstandsforsomethingelsesuchasobject happeningorideas table Wordsarepartofthelargercommunicationsystemwecalllanguage Iteachlinguistics Wordshelphumanbeingsinteractculturallywithoneanother p 75 10 ThedefinitionofawordandtheclassificationofwordsAwordisameaningfulandgrammaticallanguageunitwhichcanbeusedbyitsown EverywordbelongstoacertainwordclassandinEnglish wordscanbedividedintothefollowingtenclasses n v adj adv prep pron article determiner conjunction interjection ThesetenwordclassescanbedividedintoOpenClassandClosedClass 11 OpenClassreferstonoun verb adjective andadverb becausewecanregularlyaddanothermorphemeoranewwordtothesewordclasses E g boyfriend dislike impossible Openclasswordsarealsotermedlexicalwordsorcontentwordsorvariablewordsfortheyallcarrycertainsemanticcontents Eg Bookbooksbook sWorkworksworkedworkingFastfasterfastest 12 ClosedClassreferstoprep Article conjunction interjection pron prep anddeterminer becauseitisimpossibletoaddnewwordstotheseclassesofwords Closedwordsarealsocalledgrammaticalwordsorfunctionwords orinvariablewordssincetheirrolesarelargelyorwhollygrammatical 13 Isawordthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit Whatisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit 14 Whatisamorpheme 词素 Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticaland orsemanticmeaning Thismeansthatitcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallergrammaticalunits Amorphememaybeacompletewordoranaffix 15 Forexample book help clap from television gentleness unavoidable 16 RelyonemorphemeRely abletwomorphemesRely able itythreemorphemesUn rely able ityfourmorphemes 17 UnbearableuneducatedWatchfulinspiringSoft heartedhorsemanship 18 Seetheexercises1and2onpage82 19 1 un bear able2 watch ful3 person ify i cation4 un exception al ly5 un educate e d6 inspir e ing7 soft heart ed8 horse man ship 20 1 geography2 inter nation al ly3 forget t en4 Washington5 inform ation6 industry i al iz e ation7 pre dominat e ant8 pre conscious 21 Allomorph 词素变体 Anallomorphisthedifferentvariantsofthesamemorpheme Itcanbephonologicallyormorphologicallyconditioned Seemoreonp 82 22 Themorphemerepresentingthepluralformofnounscanbeexpressedby s z iz vz etc Sothephoneticsegments s z iz vz arethemorphsofthesamemorpheme s thephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthemorpheme s s es vesaretheallomorphsofthesamemorphemerepresentingthepluralformoftheEnglishwords 23 Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepluralmorpheme s have Theplural s hasmanymorphologically conditionedallomorphs Forexample 1 e s asin cats matches 2 r en asin oxen children 3 e asin men women 4 ee asin feet teeth 5 zero asin sheep deer 24 Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepastformmorpheme ed have edasin worked dasin lived Zeroasin put 25 Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepresentparticiplemorphemeform ing have 26 1 2 Typesofmorphemes Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning MorphemescanbedividedintoFreemorphemes自由词素andBoundmorphemes 粘着词素Freemorphemes Afreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteaword freeformbyitself suchas bed tree sing dance Sofreemorphemesaresomethinglikeroot 27 Boundmorphemes aboundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme suchas s in dogs al in national dis in disclose Theycannotstandbythemselves Thustheword distempered hasthreemorphemes dis temper ed ofwhich temper isafreemorpheme Lookatthefollowingwords unavoidable un avoid able boyishness boy ish ness gentlemanliness gentle man li ness 28 Lookatthefollowingwords unavoidable un avoid able boyishness boy ish ness gentlemanliness gentle man li ness 29 Boundmorphemescanbefurtherdividedintoderivationalmorphemes 派生词素 inflectionalmorphemes 曲折词素 30 Thederivationalmorphemesmainlyrefertotheaffixes prefixesandsuffixes Theyareattachedtotheotherfreemorphemesandusuallychangethecategoryandthegrammaticalfunction Whentheyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes anewwordisderivedorformed e g ify ate ic etc 31 Inflectionalmorphemes 曲折词素 refertothemorphemeswhichneverchangetheirsyntacticcategorybutrepresenttheconceptoftenseandaspect InEnglish thereareeightinflectionalmorphemes s 动词第三人称单数 ed 动词过去式 ing 现在分词 thepastparticiple en s 名词复数 s 名词所有格 er 形容词比较级 est 形容词最高级 32 Morpheme Freemorpheme自由词素 Boundmorpheme粘着词素 Derivationalmorpheme派生词素Inflectionalmorpheme曲折词素 Prefixes前缀Suffixes后缀 LexicalmorphemesFunctionalmorphemes 33 2 MorphologicalRulesofwordformation Lookatthefollowinglistofwords A B kroupslowlyrearmclearlyslarmquicklyThewordsincolumnAareonlypermissiblesoundsequencewithoutanymeanings butthewordsincolumnbareperfectEnglishwordsmadeupoftwomorphemes Thewayswordsareformedarecalledmorphologicalrules Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords 34 Thecommonmorphologicalrules 1 un adjective not adjectiveun even not even2 re verb verb againre boil boil again3 dis adjective not adjectivedis continuous not continuous4 dis noun lackofthenoundis comfort lackofcomfort 35 5 dis verb refuseto nottoverbdis like nottolike6 in im il ir adjective not adjective notableto verbin formal not formalim perfect notperfectil legal not legalir regular notregular 36 7 non adjective not adjectivenon alphabetical notalphabetical8 non noun thelackofnounnon English thelackofEnglish9 anti noun beingagainst nounanti body beingagainst body10 pre verb verb inadvancepre arrange arrange inadvance 37 11 mis noun bad nounmis behaviour bad behaviour12 verb able abletobeverb edadopt able abletobeadopted13 verb er aperson who verb ssing er apersonwhosing s14 noun less lackingnounchild less lackingchild 38 15 verb less thatnever verb scease less thatnevercease s16 adjective ness thequalityof being adjectiveloud ness thequalityof being loud17 noun ish belongingtonounSwed ish belongingto Sweden 39 18 noun ish havingthecharacterof nounself ish havingthecharacterof self19 noun ify become nounperson ify become person 40 3 TheformationofNewWords 3 1CompoundingCompoundingorcompositionisaword formationprocess Thewayofbuildingnewwordsbyputtingtwowordstogetheriscalledcompounding 41 Threepatternsofcompounds Nouncompoundsn n Armchairrainbowv n Pickpocketwashclothadj n Bluebirdblackroom 42 VerbcompoundsNoun verb tovacuum clean tomanhandleVerb verb tosleep walkAdj verb tohighlight 43 AdjectivecompoundsNoun adj color blind snow whiteVerb adj Stir crazyAdj adj Dark blue pale yellow 44 3 2 DerivationDerivationoraffixationisgenerallydefinedasaword formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix orsuffixorboth Inotherwords meaningfullanguageelementsareputtogetherinnewcombinationssuchas television transistor defog minibike 45 3 3 ConversionConversionisaword formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword classwithouttheadditionofanaffix Soconversionisalsocalledfunctionalshift Forexample Theenemyattackedusatnight Theenemylaunchedanattackonusatnight Seemoreonp 88 46 3 4 Blending 拼缀法 Blendingisaprocessofword formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms e g smog comesfromsmokeandfog medicare comesfrom medicalcare Brunch isablendof breakfastandlunch Otherexamples videophone chunnel motel gasohol Eurasia telecast hi tech 47 3 5 Back formation 逆生法 Backingformationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword formationbywhichashorterwordisjoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage beg from Beggar housekeep from housekeeper lase from laser babysit from babysitter seemoreonp 90 48 3 6 ShorteningorabbreviationShorteningcanbedividedintoInitialism 首字母缩略词 andacronym 首字母拼音词 Initialism tousetheinitialletterofeachofthephrasetoformashorteningwordandwhenyouread thelettersaresimplypronouncedasletters 利用一个短语中的各个词的首字母构成的缩略词叫首字母缩略词 朗读时按字母名称读 e g WTO BBC VOA seemoreonP 89 49 ATM automatictellermachineCPU centralprocessunitDVD digitalvideodiscGDP grossdomesticproductGNP grossnationalproductGRE GraduateRecordExaminationID identificationcard 50 IQ intelligentquotientMBA MasterofBusinessAdministrationMPA MasterofPublicAdministrationSOS SaveOurSoulSSCI SocialsciencecitationindexSCI ScienceCitationIndex 是由美国科学信息研究所 ISI 1961年创办出版的引文数据库BRT BusRapidTransitBEC BusinessEnglishCertificateBFT BusinessForeignLanguageTest 全国出国培训备选人员外语考试 51 Acronym whentheinitialsarenotpronouncedasle