第四讲-主体段扩展

主体段 mainbody 正文部分的六种写作方式1 罗列法Listing2 分类法Classification3 定义法Definition4 例证法Examples5 因果法CauseandEffect6 对比和类比法Comparison Contrast 正文部分 Mainbody I 罗列法Listing Theimportanceoftakingoutdoorexercisescannotbeoveremphasized Tobeginwith Inaddition Finally I 罗列法Listing ThisbookwillhaveamajorimpactonbothpoliticsandeconomicsinChina Inpolitics Ineconomics I 罗列法Listing Readingextensivelyisobviouslyofgreatbenefitinlearninganewlanguage Foronething Foranother 逻辑词 第一 首先 Firstandforemost Tobeginwith tostartwith inthefirstplace Foronething 第二 其次 inaddition furthermore moreover whatismore 第三 最后 Lastbutnotleast moreimportantly 逻辑词 必须一起出现的短语 Inthefirstplace Inthesecondplace Inthethirdplace Foronething Foranother 逻辑词 但是 转折 otherwise nevertheless 同时 meanwhile inthemeantime因此 asaresult accordingly consequently therefore 逻辑词 总之 tosumup allinall generallyspeaking ingeneral结论 toconclude inconclusion inshort II 分类法Classification表示分类的常用词语动词 bedividedinto beclassifiedinto begroupedinto fallinto名词 kind sort category group class 分类法的段落主题句 1 总体来说 根据地理位置的不同 酒店可以分为四大类 总的来说 Generallyspeaking不同的地理位置 differentlocations酒店 hotel 1 总体来说 根据地理位置的不同 酒店可以分为四大类 Generallyspeaking hotelscanbeclassifiedinto4groupsbasedontheirdifferentlocations 2 中国父母对独生子女的态度不同 可以分为三类 独生子女 onlychildinthefamily不同态度 differentattitudes 2 中国父母对独生子女的态度不同 可以分为三类 InChina parentscanbedividedinto3categoriesinlightoftheirdifferentattitudesontheonlychildinthefamily III 定义法Definition正式定义 formof isaspeciesof which who kindof 练习 1 牙医是经过专业训练去护理人类牙齿的医生 牙医 dentist护理 treat经过专业训练 beprofessionallytrained 1 牙医是经过专业训练去护理人类牙齿的医生 Adentistisakindofdoctorwhoisprofessionallytrainedtotreatpeople steeth 2 铜是一种容易成形的软性金属 铜 copper金属 metal 2 铜是一种容易成形的软性金属 Copperisasortofsoftmetalwhichiseasilyshaped 学术定义 isakindofsciencewhich 是一种 的科学 1 地理学可以定义为研究地球表面的科学 地理学 geography研究 study地球表面 thesurfaceoftheearth 1 地理学可以定义为研究地球表面的科学 Geographyisakindofsciencewhichstudiesthesurfaceoftheearth 2 语言学可以定义为研究人类语言的科学 语言学 linguistics人类的语言 thelanguageofhumanrace 2 语言学可以定义为研究人类语言的科学 Linguisticsisakindofsciencewhichstudiesthelanguageofhumanrace 例证法 万法之母每个论点都要有理由 每个理由都要有例子 每个例子都要有细节 要事实 更要雄辩 Bookscantellusalotaboutlife chooseoneofyourfavoritebooksandexplainwhyyouthinkitisimportant HarryPotterpromotecommunicationprovideacommonlanguageforpeoplefromdifferentcountries 写例证第一种主体思路 ShowwithdetailsRENN R E N N reason example name number Inaconversation whenapersonbringsupHarryPotter hemightfindtheothershavethesameinterest anditwouldbeveryeasyforthemtocommunicatesuccessfully original Better vivid Duringthefirst5min afreshmaninUCLAandasophomorefromChinawouldfindHPthebesttopicforthemtobridgetheirculturalgap andtheatmosphereoftheirdialoguewouldbeunlikelytobeplaguedwithsilence sincethemovieistheircommoninterest althoughtheycomefromdifferentcountriesthousandsofmilesawayfromeachother practice RENN Practice Reason Studentparkingisbecominganimportantissueonmanycollegecampuses theincreasingnumbersofstudentscommutingtocollege parkingisbecominganimportantissue Dueto Thehandbookisagoodguideforusingmaterial Practice Examples Thehandbookisagoodguideforusingmaterial name citedinthebookXX ThegovernorofMinnesotaenactedlegislationthatdecreasedtheamountofaidavailabletocollegestudents Practice Name ThegovernorofMinnesota enactedlegislationthatdecreasedtheamountofaidavailabletocollegestudents name middle income Eventhoughmanymembersofthestudentcongresswereabsent themotionstillpassed Practice Numbers Eventhoughmembersofthestudentcongresswereabsent themotionstillpassed 3 5 RENN目的 增加可信度增加说明的清晰度 说服力提到事物就给名字提到数量就说具体 R ENN HCNC 写例证第二种主体思路 HOOK Contrast Narration Connection H C N C Movies goodorbad beneficialdeepenfriendshipanddisencumbermisunderstanding breakdownbarriersmovieisauniversallanguagewithoutboundaryanddescribestheemotionsincisively HCNC 最有效沟通全球文化的就是movie 和其他方式相比 HarryPotter 这就是电影如何消除隔阂 加强沟通 N Narration C Connection C Contrast H Hook H themostefficientwayforinterculturalcommunicationismovies C comparedwithothermethods moviesareeasierforustograsp N takethecaseofHP amoviemadeintheUSbutenjoysgreatpopularityamongtheworld forexample C thisishowthemoviebreaksdownbarriersanddeepensrelations HCNC方法对比事实 解释 结论 IV 例证法Examples例证的常用表达 Asanillustration Acaseinpointisthat Totake asanexample Toconsider asanexample 例证的常用表达 Forexample Forinstance Asthepresentsituationshowsinourcountry 数据或事例支持1 表示 科学研究表明 Accordingtoaresearch Scientific researchshows indicates suggests 数据或事例支持2 表示 科学家认为 Accordingtoscientistson某学科 Scientistson某学科believethat 地理学 Geography化学 Chemistry数学 Mathematics医学 Medicine生物学 Biology物理学 Physics建筑学 Architecture航空学 Aeronautics 文学 Literature教育 Education Pedagogics法学 Law经济 Economics政治 Politics宗教 Religion音乐 Music传媒 MassMedia旅游 Tourism哲学 Philosophy 数据或事例支持3 表示 数据表明 AccordingtostatisticsStatisticiansshow indicate suggestthat Statisticsshowthatthetropicalrainforests 热带雨林 ofAmazonRiverwerecutdownatarateof14millionhectares 公顷 eachyear 数据或事例支持4 表示 调查表明 Surveys Arecentsurvey show indicate suggest that 数据或事例支持5 引导事实Itisawell knownfactthat Itis widely believedthat Itisawidely heldbeliefthat Itistruethat Thereisnodenyingthat e g 不可否认的是 互联网是人类历史上的一项伟大发明 e g ThereisnodenyingthatInternetisagreatinventioninmankind shistory 数据或事例支持6 表示 比如 例如 like suchas forexample say e g 很多来自于中国的年轻运动员 比如刘翔 在奥运会上享有很高的声誉 Tips 比如刘翔 sayLiuXiang e g 很多来自于中国的年轻运动员 比如刘翔 在奥运会上享有很高的声誉 ManyyoungathletesfromChina sayLiuXiang enjoyahighreputationintheOlympicGames e g 用suchas造句我们都羡慕甚至嫉妒那些取得巨大成就的人 比如成龙和李连杰那些明星 Tips 羡慕 admire嫉妒 envy取得巨大成就 attaingreatachievements成龙 JackyChen 李连杰 JetLi Wealladmireevenenvythosewhohaveattainedgreatachievements suchasJackyChen JetLi Wealladmireevenenvythosewhohaveattainedgreatachievements suchthosefamousstarsasJackyChen JetLi 举某物为例Takesomethingforexample某物是好例子Somethingisaperfectexample Somethingisanillustratingexample 举例思维练习 1 常做家务的一个好处举例2 好朋友对我影响最大举例3 成功的一项品质举例4 我喜欢动画片的一个原因举例5 我欣赏异性的一种特质举例6 我想回到儿童时代的一个原因举例 V 因果法CauseandEffect中文段落结构 因 果英语段落结构 果 因即 主题句为 果 发展句为 因 V 因果法CauseandEffect因果段落示范 果 Allinall Iloveyou ever forever 因1 Iloveyoubecauseyouarebeautifuljustaslilyinthespringgarden Lastyear youcharmed1000birdsfromthetree 数字论证 因2 Iloveyouforyouaresonicetoothers especiallytotheoldladies Lastweek youhavehelped100oldladiescrosstheJingShiRoad althoughmostofthemwerenotwillingtodothat 举例 数字 V 因果法CauseandEffect常用表达方法Thehighcostoflife导致women shavingtoworkoutsidethehome Resultin leadto Womenworkingoutsidethehome 因为financialnecessity Dueto owningto A句 因此 B句 Manywomenhavefinancialdifficulties theygobacktowork Asaresult Accordingly Consequently Therefore 原因状语从句 somanywomenhavegonebacktowork thedaysof happyhousewife areover Because as since Thedaysof happyhousewife areover somanywomenhavegonebacktowork Because for since as 因果关系常用词汇和句式一 原因1 n cause reason Anothercauseof reasonfor therapidreductionoftigerpopulationisthedisappearance 消失 oftheirnaturalhabitats 栖息地 仿写 Anothercauseof reasonfor is 2 表示 A的原因是B Thecauseof reasonfor AisBThecauseofAliesinB thefactthat Thecauseofglobalwarmingliesinthefactthatmodernindustriesemit 排放 largequantityofcarbondioxide 二氧化碳 3 表示 A是B的主要原因 Aisthemain major primary principal causeof reasonfor B Themainreasonfor causeof racialdiscrimination 种族歧视 liesinthehumannature 4 A是B的非主要原因AisthecontributorycauseofB 二 结果1 result表示 A是B的结果 AistheresultofBAisthedirectresultofB 2 Effect表示 A对B产生某种影响 Ahave has aneffect impact influence upon on B 表示 A对B产生好的影响 Ahave has abeneficialeffect impact influence on upon BAhave has apositiveeffect impact influence on upon BAhave has asalutaryeffect impact influence on upon B Boostingtheminimumwagewouldactuallyhaveapositiveeffectonworkersandthelabormarket Times 表示 A对B产生坏的影响 Ahave has anegativeeffect impact influence on upon BAhave has anadverseeffect impact influence on upon BAhave has aharmfuleffect impact influence on upon B Playingmahjong 麻将 for3daysinarowwillhaveanadverseeffectonyourhealth 表示 A对B造成毁灭性的影响 Ahave has adisastrouseffect impact influence on upon BAhave has adevastatingeffect impact influence on upon BAhave has acatastrophiceffect impact influence on upon B Boomingtourism akeypartofEgypt seconomy ishavingacatastrophiceffectonthecountry suniqueculturalheritage expertssaid CNN 3 consequence表示 A产生负面后果 Ahave has adverseconsequencesAhave has negativeconsequences 表示 A产生有害后果 Ahave has harmfulconsequences 表示 A产生毁灭性后果 Ahave has catastrophicconsequencesAhave has devastatingconsequencesAhave has disastrousconsequences 表示 A产生严重后果 Ahave has seriousconsequencesAhave has direconsequencesTips 严重的 serious severe grave 三 造成 导致vb cause createleadto resultinberesponsibleforgiveriseto Particlescause create leadto resultin areresponsiblefor smog asevereairpollution 四 因此adv so thus thereforeasaresult inconsequence Whatavictoryfordemocracy Whatadefeat inconsequence forthepropagandists 宣传 ofhateandterror AFPNews 因为 由于prep becauseof duetoasaresultof asaconsequenceofowningto Becauseof dueto asaresultof asaconsequenceof owningto thehumangreedformorefood farmlands andhousing forestsarevanishing 消失 rapidly 原因分析句型 一 疑问句二 设问句三 陈述句 原因分析句型 一 疑问句1 Whatarethereasonsforthephenomenon 2 Whatisresponsiblefortheproblem issue 原因分析句型 二 设问句Whyshouldthisphenomenontakeplace Therearegenerallythreefactorsaccountingforit 强烈推荐 原因分析句型 三 陈述句1 Thereasonliesinseveralaspects 2 Inmypointofview therearethreefactorsaccountingforthecurrentsituation 原因分析思维训练 1 我离不开互联网的三个原因2 成年人应该玩游戏的两个原因3 老年人普遍养宠物的两个原因4 我喜欢独自旅游的三个原因5 你希望遇到历史上哪位名人 给出两个原因6 我喜欢早起的三个原因 VI 比较和对照法Comparison Contrast常用表达 比较 ThereareseveralsimilaritiesbetweenAandB AandBhavesomepointsincommon AandBaresameinthattheyboth A similarly B 对照 A however nevertheless B 题目 你认为跨国公司在全球销售中存在差异么 Amultinationalcompany sgoalofpursuingprofitcouldremainunchangedindifferentcountries butthemethodstoimprovetheprofitabilitymustbeflexible especiallyinmarketingproductsindifferentregions Orelse acompanyisdoomedtofail Howtowritevividly Howtowritevividly 1 Reasons Howtowritevividly General Studentparkingisbecominganimportantissueonmanycollegecampuses Howtowritevividly Specific Owingtotheincreasingnumberofstudentscommutingtocollege parkingisbecominganimportantissue Howtowritevividly 再写几个例子 因果导致生动 Howtowritevividly 2 Example Howtowritevividly General Thatbookoffersaninstructiveguideforthosewhointendtoworkingasabusinessmanfortheirwholelives Howtowritevividly Specific Thebook SamWalton MyStory offersaninstructiveguid