扬州大学研究生英语考试.doc

2.1.3 Functions of an abstract (p30) An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your paper and the topics discussed to your reader. In doing so, it facilitates research. Abstract help scientists to locate materials that are relevant to their research from among published papers. and many times scientists will only read a papers abstract in order to determine whether the paper will be relevant to them. Considering your audience and their needs will help you to determine what should be included in your abstract.在一份研究报告里摘要提供了一个重要的功能。它向你的读者传达了你论文的范围和讨论的主题。这样做,它促进研究。摘要帮助科学家从发表的论文中找到与他们研究相关的材料。并且科学家会很多遍的只读一篇论文的文摘为了确定是否将与他们的研究有关。考虑到你的读者和他们的需求将会帮助你决定什么应该包括在你的摘要里。 2.3.1 An informative abstract（p34) An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the research, but you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the report-your introduction will serve that role. You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will not be surprised to see key data in an informative abstract.信息性摘要正式记录一篇报告的缩影,概括整篇论文。它概述了文章主体的主要部分的关键信息,并提供报告主体的关键的论据和结论。写信息摘要的一个好方法是提取报告每个主要部分的一个或两个句子。如果空间允许,您可以提供上下文信息,如问题的背景和研究的意义,但是你也可以忽略上下文信息,因为摘要不应作为文章主要内容的介绍你的引言将要担当这一角色。然而,你应该包括关键数值情况使信息性摘要简洁并且读者不会惊讶于在信息性摘要中看到关键数据。2. 3. 2 An indicative abstract（p35) 一个指示性文摘 An indicative abstract (sometimes called descriptive abstract) merely includes information about the purpose, scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original document.The function of indicative abstract is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the research article. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings. 一篇指示性摘要(有时称为描述性文摘)仅仅包括包含在原始的文件中的关于目的,范围和获得结果所使用的方法的信息。指示性摘要的作用是帮助读者理解研究文章的一般性质和范围。一篇指示性摘要指明论文的主题和主要发现但它不进入详细的一步一步的过程。它是简洁的、简短的,通过摘要读者可以决定是否应该继续阅读整篇文章。经常使用这种类型的摘要经常用于书写理论论文,评论文章,并且在某些情况下,用于会议记录。2.5 difference between an abstract and a summary P40 Put simply，abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works and occasionally偶尔地 the terms are used interchangeably可交换地-but they are not identical.同一的；相同的 Abstracts which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers essential information about research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single paragraph，and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough彻底的；完全的；详尽的；细致深入的 though不过 usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with emphasizing results, conclusion and recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document.简而言之,摘要和概要是相似的-它们都代长篇文章的简短（缩写）形式和偶尔的术语用于交换-但是它们不是完全相同的。摘要经常伴随着期刊论文和技术报告的压缩文档来提供读者关于研究的目的,方法,结果,结论和建议等基本信息。大部分摘要是简单句，很少超过一页。相比之下概要是周密的，通常比摘要长。概要不太关心压缩文章而更强调结果,结论和建议。摘要是在文章之前的一个独立的执行的概述，总结是结束一个文章。2. 6. 6 Other consideration (p43) 其他考虑An abstract must be a fully self-contained自足的capsule 精简的description of the paper . It cant assume假定(or attempt to provoke 驱使) the reader into flipping无礼的 through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague不明确的statement. It must make sense讲得通all by itself . Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too Long, either it will be rejected 拒绝or someone will take a chainsaw电锯 to it to get it dawn to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself , rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions限制than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner举止 一篇摘要必须是一个完全独立的,论文的压缩描述。它不能假设(或试图假设)读者在翻阅寻找一个陈述含糊不清的解释。它本身必须是有意义的。一些重点需要考虑，包括:满足字数限制。如果你的摘要太长,它将被驳回或有人会采取措施来缩短它的长度。逼着自己做艰巨的任务更好地服务于你的目的,而不是让其别人对满足规模的限制比对你用可能的方式展现你的努力更感兴趣。3.1.1 an overview of research papers(P47) Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers take greatest pride in writing research papers for publication in journals学术期刊 ，which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going on in their professions. The writer has information the reader needs: what was found , how it was found，what the. findings mean. Good scientists and engineers are as interested in the quality of their writing as they are in other aspects of their work. They know that technical effort counts for little of the written reports of that work do not convey表达information adequately足够地 在各种类型的文档中,科学家和工程师以将所写的研究论文发表在期刊上为最大的骄傲,这让他们知道最近在他们的专业中将会发生什么。作者有读者需要的信息:发现了什么,它是如何被发现的,这个发现意味着什么？好的科学家和工程师对其他方面的工作和对写作的质量一样感兴趣,。他们知道不能充分传递信息的工作对书面报告的技术支持是无足轻重的。3.1.2journal of science of intercultural communication(p51) The key to an effective research paper is integrating使一体化the research into the body of the paper. This is also the most difficult part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend增加 credence 相信（传言）； 凭证 to your conclusions, but it should not dominate在中占首要地位 the paper. Much of the writing should be your own ideas that are supported by research. Transitional 变迁的words and phrases should be used to connect your thoughts to the references. If thats not done，the writing will be stilted生硬的and contrived 不自然的the paper will be choppy,波浪起伏的 and coherence一致性will be lost. Remember that the research paper is like all other formal essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It should be focused and fully developed. 一个有效研究论文的关键在于整合研究的主体。这也是写文章最困难的部分。研究应该支持和验证了你的结论,但不应该占主导地位。文章应该有很多研究所支持的自己的想法。应该使用过渡词和短语作为参考连接你的想法。如果不这样做,文章会比较生硬、做作，会被认为是抄袭还会失去连贯性。记住,研究论文就像所有其他正式的论文,好的写作规则一样适用。文章应该介绍主题和结论，它应该被关注和充分发展。3. 2 The Introduction section(p53) 引言部分It is widely recognized that writing introductions is slow,difficult, and troublesome for both native speakers as well as nonnative speakers. A very long time ago, the Greek philosopher Plato remarked, The beginning is half of the whole.” Indeed, eventually producing a good Introduction section always seems like a battle hard won. 人们普遍认为：写引言，对说母语以及说外来语言的人来说都是很慢、很困难、麻烦的。很长时间以前,希腊哲学家柏拉图说过,“好的开始是成功的一半。”的确,最终写出一个好的引言部分似乎像是一场无情的战争。 3. 3. 2 Move 2 Reviewing previous work (p59) 步骤2回顾以前的工作 In contrast to other types of introductions，research paper introductions aimed at针对specialists include technical details and a short review of previous work on the topic. Articles aimed at specialists may begin with an introduction based on either a long-form or a short-form problem statement. The problem or research question is normally正常地the topic or one aspect of a research which cant be possible without the research work and giantscontribution. Therefore，citations引用 of their research are necessary. The reasons are stated as follows: a. Citations are used to recognize and acknowledge the intellectual property rights of authors. They are a matter of ethics and a defense against plagiarism b. Citations are used to show respect to previous scholars. They recognize the history of the field by acknowledging previous achievements. c. Citations are fools of persuasion; writers use citations to give their statements greater authority. d. Citations are used to create a research space for the citing author. By describing what has been done，citations point the way to what has not been done and so prepare a space for new research.相对于其他类型的介绍，研究论文，旨在介绍在专家包括技术细节和对以前的工作简短评论话题。文章针对专家的基础上无论是与介绍可能开始长形式或短形式的问题陈述。问题或研究的问题是通常的话题或研究，可不可能没有的一个方面以前的研究工作和巨人的贡献。因此，他们引用研究是必要的。究其原因说明如下：A.这些引证文献都用来识别和确认的知识产权作者的权利。他们是道德上的问题，反对抄袭辩护B.这些引证文献都用来表示尊重前人。他们承认领域，承认以前的成就的历史。C.引文是说服傻瓜;作家用引文来给他们的发言更大的权力。D.引证文献都用于创建该作者引用一份研究空间。通过说明做了什么，引用指向的方式是什么还没有做所以准备新的研究空间。3.5 the results section(p75) Summaries of the statistical analyses统计分析 may appear either in the text(usually parenthetically) or in the relevant Tables or Figures表格或数据 (in the legend传说or as footnotes脚注 to the Table or Figure). The Results section should be organized around a series of Tables and/or Figures sequenced to present your key findings in a logical order. The text of the Results section follows this sequence and highlights the answers to the questions/hypotheses 假说you investigated 调查Important negative results should be reported, too. Authors usually write the text of the results section based upon this sequence of Tables and Figures.统计学的总结可能会出现在文本（通常同位语式的）或者相关表格和图表中（在图表中的图例或者脚注）。结果部分应以逻辑的顺序围绕一系列表和/或数据排序来呈现你的重要发现。结果的文本部分遵循这一序列以及突出你调查的问题的答案/假设。重要的负面结果也应报告。作者通常在结果部分写的文本是基于该序列表和数据的。3.5.2 commentary in the results section(p79) Like many other aspects of writing，data commentaries解说词are exercises 练习yourself. There are，as a result，both dangers and opportunities. One danger is to simply repeat in words what the data has expressed in nonverbal 不用言辞表达的form- in other words，to offer description rather than commentary. An opposite danger is to read too much into the data and draw unjustified conclusions. The art of the matter is to find the right strength of claim声称for the data and then order your statements in some appropriate 适当的way (such as from the more significant to the less significant ).In most cases，this means moving in a general-specific direction. 像许多其他方面的写作，数据注释是定位自己的练习。结果充满危险和机会。危险之一是简单地重复单词的数据所表达的语言形式换句话说,提供描述,而不是评论。相反的危险是过度解读数据,得出不合理的结论。处理这件事的艺术是找到合适的强度要求的数据,然后以某种适当的方式整理你的语句(如从更重要的到不太重要的)。在大多数情况下,这意味着向同一个模式转变。3. 5. 6 Qualifications and strength of claim (p83) 资格和实力的说法 With any scientific process，there is no such ideal as total proof or total rejection 抛弃，and researchers must, by necessity,必然地work upon probabilities可能性. That means that，whatever level of proof was reached, there is still the possibility that the results may be wrong. Therefore，writers need not only good judgment about data while making highlight statements about data，but also good presentation of judgment. Thus，they have two requirements. One is the need to be cautious 小心的-and sometimes critical-about the data. As Skelton (1988) neatly observed，“It is important for students to learn to be confidently uncertain.” The other requirement is to have the linguistic语言的resources to express this caution小心. In ways of qualifying限定or moderating 使和缓a claim要求:与任何科学过程,没有等理想总证明或总拒绝,和研究人员必须对概率的必要性、工作。这意味着,无论级别的证明了,还有可能性,结果可能是错误的。因此,作家不仅需要良好的判断数据同时强调对数据报表,但也有良好的表达的判断。因此,他们有两个要求。一个是需要cautious-and有时critical-about数据。斯凯尔顿(1988)巧妙地观察到,“重要的是让学生学会自信地不确定。“另一个要求是语言资源来表达这种谨慎。在排位赛或缓和的方法索赔:3. 6 The Discussion/ Conclusion section(p87) 讨论结论部分 The discussion and conclusion section is somehow the counterpart配对物of the introduction. The function of the Discussion is to interpret解释your results in light of 按照what was already known about the subject of the investigation，and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. Discussion explains the implications 含义of your results. It fits the results into the context of the field by relating your results to other work .both theoretical and experimental 实验的. Along with the Introduction，it explains why your work is important, how it contributes to the advancement of the field. You want to avoid introducing new ideas here or discussing tangential间接相关的issues not directly related to the exploration and discovery of your thesis. It is critical批评的that the Discussion be done carefully and thoroughly. As Robert Day has noted:讨论和结论部分是莫名其妙的对口介绍。讨论的功能是解释你的结果在光什么是已经知道了调查对象，并解释我们问题把你的结果考虑后有了新的认识。讨论解释你的结果的影响。它适合的结果进现场由有关结果其他工作内容。理论和实验。随着介绍，它解释了为什么你的工作是很重要的，它如何有助于该领域的进步。你要避免引入这里新的想法或讨论没有直接关系的探索切线问题并发现你的论文。至关重要的是，在讨论认真做，彻底。正如罗伯特日所指出的：4.1 two ways of avoiding piagiarizing (p100)Writing a summary (or summarizing information) is a common way of integrating information into your original work th