语言学SEMANTICS

Chapter5SEMANTICS Review 1 Whatissemantics 2 Themajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning3 Lexicalmeaning4 Senserelationsbetweensentences5 Analysisofmeaning Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits wordsandsentencesinparticular Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning Namingtheory Plato 命名说 Theconceptualistview概念论 Contextualism Bloomfield 语境论 Behaviorism行为主义论 Namingtheory Plato 命名说 Wordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings 词语只是代表物体的名字或标记 Limitations 1 Applicabletonounsonly 2 Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld e g ghost dragon unicorn phenix 3 Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions e g joy impulse hatred Theconceptualistview概念论 Definition oneconcerningmeaning Itisalsocalledideationaltheory 观念论 SEMANTICTRIANGLE 语义三角 THOUGHT REFERENCE 概念 思想 所指参照 concept 形式与意义直接相关意义是在客观事物的基础上概括而成的SYMBOL FORM REFERENT 语言符号 所指事物 linguistic therealthingexistingintheworld 形式和所指之间没有必然的联系 Contextualism 语境论 Definition Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation use context Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized 1 Situationalcontext场景语境 2 linguisticsituation语言语境 Behaviorism 行为主义论 Definition aviewwhichdrawsonbehavioristpsychologywhentryingtodefinethemeaningoflinguisticforms Bloomfield 布龙菲尔德 意义就是讲话人的刺激和听话人的反应 meaningasspeaker sstimulusandhearer sresponseThestoryofJackandJill JillJackS r s RS Jillseesanapple r Jillsays I mthirsty s JackhearsJillsays I mthirsty R JackpickstheappleforJill 3 Lexicalmeaning Senseandreference 系统意义和指称意义 Sense isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform Itisabstractandde contextualized Reference meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal physicalworld Differences1 系统意义具有相对的稳定性 明确性 而外指意义回因人 时 地而异 具有变化性 模糊性 2 一般说来 系统意义是抽象化了的定义 多具有非物质化特征 而外指意义会具有物质化的特征 3 有意义的词语都有系统意义 但不一定有外指意义 Synonymy 同义现象 Definition refertothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms 同义词 TypesofSynonyms 1 Dialectalsynonyms 方言 e g autumn fall biscuit cracker petrol gasoline 2 Stylisticsynonyms 文体风格 正式 一般 口语 e g kid child offspring start begin commence 3 Synonymsthatdifferinemotiveorevaluativemeaning 褒义或贬义 e g collaboratorVs accomplice 4 Collocationalsynonyms 搭配 e g accuse of charge with rebuke for 5 Semanticallydifferentsynonyms 语义不同 e g amaze astound Polysemy 多义现象 Definition referstothesamewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning 同一个词具有两个或两个以上不同的意义 Homonymy 同音 形异义 Homophones同音异形异义twowordsareidenticalinsound butdifferentinbothspellingandmeaning e g rain reign night knight Homographs同形异音异义twowordsareidenticalinspelling butdifferentinbothsoundandmeaning e g tear n tear v lead n lead v Completehomonyms同音同形异义twowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling butdifferentinmeaning e g fastadjfastv 斋戒 Hyponymy下义关系 Definition thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword 下义关系指的是一个更普遍 范围更广泛的词和一个更具体的词之间的关系 Superordinate 上义 thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning 意义上更普遍的那个词称为上坐标词 Hyponyms 下义 thewordwhichismorespecificinmeaning 意义更具体的词称为下义词 Antonymy 反义现象 Gradableantonyms 等级反义词 Complementaryantonyms 互补反义词 Relationalopposites 关系对立 Gradableantonymy 等级反义词 Itisamatterofdegree good badlong shortbig smallCanbemodifiedbyadverbsofdegreelikevery Canhavecomparativeforms Canbeaskedwithhow 否定一个词并不意味着肯定另一个词 Complementaryantonyms 互补反义词 Complementaryantonyms 互补反义词 thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother e g alive dead male female 否定一个词意味着肯定另一个词 Relationalopposites 关系对立 buy selllend borrowgive receiveparent childhusband wife teacher studentabove belowbefore afterhost guestemployer employee Definition Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites SenseRelationsBetweenSentences 1 XissynonymouswithY2 XisinconsistentwithY3 XentailsY YisanentailmentofX 4 XpresupposesY YisaprerequisiteofX 5 Xisacontradiction6 Xissemanticallyanomalous SenseRelationsBetweenSentences 1 XissynonymouswithY X与Y同义Theboykilledthecat Thecatwaskilledbytheboy 2 XisinconsistentwithY X与Y不一致Hehasawife Heissingle 3 XentailsY YisanentailmentofX X蕴含YMaryhasbeentoshanghai Maryhasbeentochina 4 XpresupposesY YisaprerequisiteofX X预设YHisbikeneedsrepairing Hehasabike 5 XisacontradictionX自我矛盾Myunmarriedsisterismarriedafarmer 6 XissemanticallyanomalousX语义反常Themanispregnant Analysisofmeaning ComponentialAnalysis 成分分析法 awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning 分析一个词 PredicationAnalysis 述谓结构分析 awayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning 分析一个句子 Semanticfeatures themeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents exercises TrueorFalse 1 Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon linguisticworldofexperience whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform 2 Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations F T 3 Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer 4 Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents 5 itishot isano placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument T T F III exercises 16 isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents calledsemanticfeatures A PredicationanalysisB ComponentialanalysisC PhonemicanalysisD Grammaticalanalysis17 alive and dead are A gradableantonymsB