段落的组织与发展：练习.doc

The Organization and Development of ParagraphsExercises:I. Underline the controlling ideas in these topic sentences.1. Most successful movies have a few qualities in common.2. A person can look for a job in several different ways.3. Students have various reasons for choosing where they want to sit in a classroom.4. A young person needs to learn how to become self-reliant.5. Studying for tests calls for a methodical approach.II. Put “TB” beside the sentence in each pair that is too broad to be covered in a paragraph. Put “OK” beside the sentence in each group that has a limited subject and a sharp focus.1. a. Animals act just like people sometimes. b. My cat has personality traits that make her seem almost human.2. a. Ive always done poorly in school. b. I flunked maths last semester for several reasons.3. a. Professional ice hockey is a dangerous. b. Professional sports are violent.4. a. Traveling can broaden your outlook on life. b. Traveling has helped me to appreciate different kinds of foods.5. a. I had a hectic time at work today. b. Ive been very busy lately.III. Put “TN” beside the simple, factual statement in each pair that is too narrow to be developed into a paragraph. Put “OK” beside the assertive statement in each group that calls for support or development of some kind.1. a. I started college after being away from school for seven year. b. Several of my fear about returning to school have proven to be groundless.2. a. I do push-ups and sit-ups each morning. b. Exercising every morning has had positive effects on my health.3. a. Lonnie has several ways to economize when his money gets tight. b. Lonnie always has money in his pocket.4. a. I spend a lot of time waiting in lines at the gas station and the bank. b. Time spent in waiting lines can be put to good use if you know how.5. a. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is a book I read recently. b. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is a story about Hucks moral growth.IV. Revise these topic sentences to narrow the focus by stressing a controlling idea.1. The Santana is a fine car.2. Today many young people have developed a culture of their own.3. Good cameras are manufactured in many countries.4. Participation in college sports is beneficial.5. People could make a better use of their leisure time.V. Point out the topic sentence in each paragraph.1. Peter is one of the sloppiest people I know. He lives by himself in a one-room apartment carpeted with dirty clothes, books, and crumpled candy bar wrappers. Stacks of papers cover the chair seats. Socks bake on the lampshades. When Peter makes a date of appointment, he may jot the time and the place on a scrap of paper that is soon tucked into a pocket and forgotten, ormore likelyhe doesnt jot the information at all. As a result, Peter is often a latecomer or no-show. His grades have suffered too, since few instructors will put up with a student who arrives out of breath ten minutes after the class has begun and whose wrinkled, hand-scrawled papers arrive (late, of course) punctuated with Coca-cola stains and melted M&Ms. The less Peter controls his sloppiness, the more it seems to control him.2. Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobilityboth physical and psychologicalhas made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englander.3. We now have, as a result of modern means of communication, hundreds of thousands of words flung at us daily. We are constantly being talked at, by teachers, preachers, salesmen, public officials and motion-picture sound tracks. The cries of advertisers pursue us into our very homes, thanks to the radioand in some houses the radio is never turned off from morning to night. Daily the newsboy brings us, in large cities, from thirty to fifty enormous pages of print, and almost three times that amount on Sunday. We go out and get more words at bookstores and libraries. Words fill our lives.VI. Supply a topic sentence to each paragraph.1. . Nectar and pollen are sometimes scarce, and landscape abounds with animals and people who think nothing of knocking over a beehive for its honey. The Africa honeybee has evolved, therefore, with a hypersensitivity to disturbance and a tendency to launch disconcerting mass attacks against potential enemies who come too near its nests.2. . The basic idea dates back at least to 1776. The countrys founders did not want the land to be held by a few very large and rich owners. Yet despite the American Revolution and two centuries of strife, a few very large and rich owners still predominate. In rural countries, the top 20 landownersless than 1 percent of the peopleown 20 to 50 percent of the land. They run farms owned by corporations and other absentee landlords. Twenty-four corporationsenergy companies and railroadsown or control mineral rights to over 122 million acres, or about out of every 16 acres in the continental U.S.1. a. Africa bees are quite interesting.b. Life in Africa is hard for a bee.c. Africa is full of killer bees.d. Killer bees in Africa should be exterminated.2. a. The notion of land reform is new.b. The small farmer is more American than the huge corporate farmer.c. Land in this country is too expensive for most people to buy.d. Urban dreams of the good country life have focused national attention on “the country.”VII. In the following lists, circle the letter beside the sentence that does not develop the main idea which appears in the topic sentence.1. Topic sentence: I easily give up doing my homework.a. I always start to feel hungry and go into the kitchen for a snack.b. Ill leave my studying to investigate any noise I hear.c. While I study, I try to listen to the radio with one ear.d. For me, physics is the hardest subject.e. I often leave my desk to go to the mirror, to comb my hair.f. Often, in the middle of an assignment, I decide that my shoes need polishing and do that instead of the assignment in front of me.3. Different cultural groups in Hawaii organize holiday celebrations in different ways.a. The Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans celebrate the coming of a new year by setting off firecrackers, Roman candles, sparkles, tiny rockets, and aerial lights.b. The Filipinos have their own celebrations with music and dance exhibitions and Filipinos food, such as Kakanin (“Pastries”) and (“soup”).c. Mainlanders like to stroll down Kalakaua Avenue in Honolulu during the warm evenings.d. Native Hawaiians gather to eat at a typical luau, sampling poi, lau lau, wild pig, lome lome, salmon, opihi, raw fish, and other Hawaiian favorites.4. Topic sentence: Summer vocation always seems short.a. On the last day of school, it seems that the three-month vacation will last forever.b. I wake up on the Fourth of July to find that I havent really begun any of the things Id planned to do.c. By August 2, my birthday, I feel that there isnt any time left at all.d. On Labour Day, just before school is to start again, I wonder where summer could have gone.e. Its always fun to have a reunion with my classmates on the first day of school.VIII. Some of the following paragraphs are not unified because they contain unrelated sentences. If you find such a sentence, mark it.1. Because a sprained ankle offers all the benefits of an illness and few of the disadvantages, it is a very popular complaint. It never kills anyone, and it always gets better in a short time. It brings sympathy and is a reason for a weeks absence. The dean checks into unauthorized absence. Since there is usually no pain except when the ankle is moved, it gives victims a perfect rest and delightful reason to be waited on.2. The discovery of America was an accident. It was the result of Europes desire for trade with China and India. In 1492, Christopher Columbus set out under the flag of Spain to find a direct sea route to the rich trading areas of the Far East. He hoped to