ch微观经济学mankiw版Micro部分完整全英文PPT课件

N GregoryMankiw Inthischapter lookfortheanswerstothesequestions Whatkindsofquestionsdoeseconomicsaddress Whataretheprinciplesofhowpeoplemakedecisions Whataretheprinciplesofhowpeopleinteract Whataretheprinciplesofhowtheeconomyasawholeworks WhatEconomicsIsAllAbout Scarcity thelimitednatureofsociety sresourcesEconomics thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources e g howpeopledecidewhattobuy howmuchtowork save andspendhowfirmsdecidehowmuchtoproduce howmanyworkerstohirehowsocietydecideshowtodivideitsresourcesbetweennationaldefense consumergoods protectingtheenvironment andotherneeds 0 0 TheprinciplesofHOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONS 3 PRINCIPLE 1 PeopleFaceTradeoffs Alldecisionsinvolvetradeoffs Examples Goingtoapartythenightbeforeyourmidtermleaveslesstimeforstudying Havingmoremoneytobuystuffrequiresworkinglongerhours whichleaveslesstimeforleisure Protectingtheenvironmentrequiresresourcesthatcouldotherwisebeusedtoproduceconsumergoods 0 PRINCIPLE 1 PeopleFaceTradeoffs Societyfacesanimportanttradeoff efficiencyvs equalityEfficiency whensocietygetsthemostfromitsscarceresourcesEquality whenprosperityisdistributeduniformlyamongsociety smembersTradeoff Toachievegreaterequality couldredistributeincomefromwealthytopoor Butthisreducesincentivetoworkandproduce shrinksthesizeoftheeconomic pie 0 PRINCIPLE 2 TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt Makingdecisionsrequirescomparingthecostsandbenefitsofalternativechoices Theopportunitycostofanyitemiswhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainit Itistherelevantcostfordecisionmaking PRINCIPLE 2 TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt Examples Theopportunitycostof goingtocollegeforayearisnotjustthetuition books andfees butalsotheforegonewages seeingamovieisnotjustthepriceoftheticket butthevalueofthetimeyouspendinthetheater PRINCIPLE 3 RationalPeopleThinkattheMargin Rationalpeoplesystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives makedecisionsbyevaluatingcostsandbenefitsofmarginalchanges incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplan PRINCIPLE 3 RationalPeopleThinkattheMargin Examples Whenastudentconsiderswhethertogotocollegeforanadditionalyear hecomparesthefees foregonewagestotheextraincomehecouldearnwiththeextrayearofeducation Whenamanagerconsiderswhethertoincreaseoutput shecomparesthecostoftheneededlaborandmaterialstotheextrarevenue PRINCIPLE 4 PeopleRespondtoIncentives Incentive somethingthatinducesapersontoact i e theprospectofarewardorpunishment Rationalpeoplerespondtoincentives Examples Whengaspricesrise consumersbuymorehybridcarsandfewergasguzzlingSUVs Whencigarettetaxesincrease teensmokingfalls ACTIVELEARNING1Applyingtheprinciples Youaresellingyour1996Mustang Youhavealreadyspent 1000onrepairs Atthelastminute thetransmissiondies Youcanpay 600tohaveitrepaired orsellthecar asis Ineachofthefollowingscenarios shouldyouhavethetransmissionrepaired Explain A Bluebookvalue whatyoucouldgetforthecar is 6500iftransmissionworks 5700ifitdoesn tB Bluebookvalueis 6000iftransmissionworks 5500ifitdoesn t 2012CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ACTIVELEARNING1Answers Costoffixingtransmission 600A Bluebookvalueis 6500iftransmissionworks 5700ifitdoesn tBenefitoffixingthetransmission 800 6500 5700 It sworthwhiletohavethetransmissionfixed B Bluebookvalueis 6000iftransmissionworks 5500ifitdoesn tBenefitoffixingthetransmissionisonly 500 Paying 600tofixtransmissionisnotworthwhile 2012CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse ACTIVELEARNING1Observations The 1000youpreviouslyspentonrepairsisirrelevant Whatmattersisthecostandbenefitofthemarginalrepair thetransmission ThechangeinincentivesfromscenarioAtoscenarioBcausedyourdecisiontochange 2012CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse 0 TheprinciplesofHOWPEOPLEINTERACT 14 PRINCIPLE 5 TradeCanMakeEveryoneBetterOff Ratherthanbeingself sufficient peoplecanspecializeinproducingonegoodorserviceandexchangeitforothergoods Countriesalsobenefitfromtradeandspecialization GetabetterpriceabroadforgoodstheyproduceBuyothergoodsmorecheaplyfromabroadthancouldbeproducedathome PRINCIPLE 6 MarketsAreUsuallyAGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity Market agroupofbuyersandsellers neednotbeinasinglelocation Organizeeconomicactivity meansdeterminingwhatgoodstoproducehowtoproducethemhowmuchofeachtoproducewhogetsthem PRINCIPLE 6 MarketsAreUsuallyAGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity Amarketeconomyallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyhouseholdsandfirmsastheyinteractinmarkets FamousinsightbyAdamSmithinTheWealthofNations 1776 Eachofthesehouseholdsandfirmsactsasif ledbyaninvisiblehand topromotegeneraleconomicwell being PRINCIPLE 6 MarketsAreUsuallyAGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity Theinvisiblehandworksthroughthepricesystem Theinteractionofbuyersandsellersdeterminesprices Eachpricereflectsthegood svaluetobuyersandthecostofproducingthegood Pricesguideself interestedhouseholdsandfirmstomakedecisionsthat inmanycases maximizesociety seconomicwell being PRINCIPLE 7 GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes Importantroleforgovt enforcepropertyrights withpolice courts Peoplearelessinclinedtowork produce invest orpurchaseiflargeriskoftheirpropertybeingstolen PRINCIPLE 7 GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes Marketfailure whenthemarketfailstoallocatesociety sresourcesefficientlyCausesofmarketfailure Externalities whentheproductionorconsumptionofagoodaffectsbystanders e g pollution Marketpower asinglebuyerorsellerhassubstantialinfluenceonmarketprice e g monopoly Publicpolicymaypromoteefficiency PRINCIPLE 7 GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes Govtmayaltermarketoutcometopromoteequity Ifthemarket sdistributionofeconomicwell beingisnotdesirable taxorwelfarepoliciescanchangehowtheeconomic pie isdivided ACTIVELEARNING2DiscussionQuestion Ineachofthefollowingsituations whatisthegovernment srole Doesthegovernment sinterventionimprovetheoutcome a PublicschoolsforK 12b Workplacesafetyregulationsc Publichighwaysd Patentlaws whichallowdrugcompaniestochargehighpricesforlife savingdrugs 2012CengageLearning AllRightsReserved Maynotbecopied scanned orduplicated inwholeorinpart exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse 0 TheprinciplesofHOWTHEECONOMYASAWHOLEWORKS 23 PRINCIPLE 8 ACountry sStandardofLivingDependsonItsAbilitytoProduceGoods Services Hugevariationinlivingstandardsacrosscountriesandovertime Averageincomeinrichcountriesismorethantentimesaverageincomeinpoorcountries TheU S standardoflivingtodayisabouteighttimeslargerthan100yearsago PRINCIPLE 8 ACountry sStandardofLivingDependsonItsAbilitytoProduceGoods Services Themostimportantdeterminantoflivingstandards productivity theamountofgoodsandservicesproducedperunitoflabor Productivitydependsontheequipment skills andtechnologyavailabletoworkers Otherfactors e g laborunions competitionfromabroad havefarlessimpactonlivingstandards PRINCIPLE 9 PricesRiseWhentheGovernmentPrintsTooMuchMoney Inflation increasesinthegenerallevelofprices Inthelongrun inflationisalmostalwayscausedbyexcessivegrowthinthequantityofmoney whichcausesthevalueofmoneytofall Thefasterthegovtcreatesmoney thegreatertheinflationrate PRINCIPLE 10 SocietyFacesaShort runTradeoffBetweenInflationandUnemployment Intheshort run 1 2years manyeconomicpoliciespushinflationandunemploymentinoppositedirections Otherfactorscanmakethistradeoffmoreorlessfavorable butthetradeoffisalwayspresent FYI HowtoReadYourTextbook 1 Readbeforeclass You llgetmoreoutofclass 2 Summarize don thighlight Highlightingisapassiveactivitythatwon timproveyourcomprehensionorretention Instead summarizeeachsectioninyourownwords Then compareyoursummarytotheoneattheendofthechapter FYI HowtoReadYourTextbook 3 Testyourself Trythe QuickQuiz thatfollowseachsectionbeforemovingontothenextsection Writeyouranswersdown comparethemtotheanswersinthebackofthebook Ifyouranswersareincorrect reviewthesectionbeforemovingon 4 Practice practice practice Workthroughtheend of chapterreviewquestionsandproblems Theyareoftengoodpracticefortheexams Andthemoreyouuseyournewknowledge themoresoliditwillbecome FYI HowtoReadYourTextbook 5 Goonline Thebookcomeswithexcellentwebresources includingpracticequizzes toolstostrengthenyourgraphingskills helpfulvideoclips andotherresourcestohelpyoulearnthetextbookmaterialmoreeasilyandeffectively Visit Studyingroups Gettogetherwithafewclassmatestorevieweachchapter quizeachother andhelpeachotherunderstandthematerial FYI HowtoReadYourTextbook 7 Teachsomeone Thebestwaytolearnsomethingistoteachittosomeoneelse suchasastudypartnerorfriend 8 Don tskiptherealworldexamples ReadtheCaseStudiesand InTheNews boxesineachchapter Theywillhelpyouseehowthenewterms concepts models andgraphsapplytotherealworld Asyoureadthenewspaperorwatchtheeveningnews seeifyoucanfindtheconnectionswithwhatyou relearninginthetextbook SUMMARY Theprinciplesofdecisionmakingare Peoplefacetradeoffs Thecostofanyactionismeasuredintermsofforegoneopportunities Rationalpeoplemakedecisionsbycomparingmarginalcostsandmarginalbenefits Peoplerespondtoincentives 2012CengageLe