专业英语1、2、5、6、7、8.doc

专业英语1TranslationIn any engineering structure the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or environment in which the component works .If the component or member is in equilibrium, the resultant of the external forces will be zero but, nevertheless, they together place a load on the member which tends to deform that member and which must be reacted by internal forces set up within the material.在任何一个工程结构的各个组成部分或其成员将受到外部力量所产生的服务条件或环境中的部分作品。如果组件或成员，是在平衡，由此产生的外部力量将是零，但是，尽管如此，他们在一起所负载的成员往往会出现变形，成员这必须由内部反应部队内设立的材料。There are a number of different ways in which load can be applied to a member .Loads may be classified with respect to time:有许多不同的方式在负载可以适用于一个成员。负荷可分为对时间：1）A static load is a gradually applied load for which equilibrium is reached in a relatively short time .1）静态负荷是一个逐步应用负载平衡而达到在相对短的时间。treated in the same manner as a static load; however, for some materials and conditions of temperature and stress, the resistance to failure may be different under short time loading and under sustained loading.2）持续的负荷是一个负载是恒定的很长一段时间，如重量的结构（称为自重）。这种类型的负载被以同样的方式作为一个静态负荷；然而，一些材料和条件的温度和压力，阻力要失败的可能根据不同的短时间负载和持续荷载下。Words1. distortion 2.boom 3.drag 4.deflect 5.plot 6.diagram 7.dimension 8.simultanneous9. fundamental 10. Primarily 11. property 12.nominal 13.initial 14.curve 15. curvature16.creep 17.fracture 18.slip 19. Susceptible 20. Elevate 21. Offset 22. Rupture 23. Ductile 24. Gray cast iron 25. Proportional limit 26. Yield point 27. Yield strength28. Plastic deformation 29. Equivalent 30.Ultimate strength 31.Ductile material 32.Neck down专业英语2Translation It has been noted that external force applied to a body in equilibrium is reacted by internal forces set up within the material. If, therefore, a bar is subjected to a uniform tension or compression, i.e. a force, which is uniformly applied across the cross-section, then the internal forces set up are also distributed uniformly and the bar is said to be subjected to a uniform normal stress being defined as有人指出，外部力量应用到人体的平衡是由内部反应部队内设立的材料。如果，因此，一杆是受均匀拉伸或压缩，即力量，这是统一适用的横截面的内力，然后建立也均匀分布和酒吧据说是受到一个统一的正常压力被定义为 Stress=load/area=P/A应力加载/面积/一 Stress may thus be compressive or tensile depending on the nature of the load and will be measured in units of newtons per square meter or multiples of this.应力可能因此被压缩或拉伸不同性质的负载并衡量单位牛顿每平方米或倍数这。专业英语5练习1.Ordinance 2.configuration 3.skeleton 4. cable5. Criterion 6. diaphragm 7. pedestrian 8. truss9. Geological 10. geographical 11. 可行性12. 公路 13.调查 14.净空 15.净跨径Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame intended to support the load-carrying beams. They transmit loads from the upper floors to the lower levels and then to the soil through the foundations, Since columns are compression elements, failure of one column in a critical location can cause the progressive collapse of the adjoining floors and the ultimate total collapse of the entire structure.列垂直压缩成员的结构框架，旨在支持承载梁。他们传递载荷从上层到较低的水平，然后到土壤的基础，因为列压缩元素，一个失败的列在一个关键的位置可以导致逐步崩溃的相邻地板和最终的总崩溃的整个结构。Column is of major significance in terms of economic as well as human loss. Thus extreme care needs to be takens in column design, with a higher reserve strength than in the case of beams and other horizontal structural elements, particularly since compression failure provides little visual warning.柱具有重大意义而言，经济以及人类的损失。因此，极端需要被塔在塔的设计，具有较高的后备力量的情况下比在梁及其他横向结构元素，尤其是因为压缩破坏几乎没有提供视觉警示。The amount of reinforcement in the case of beams was controlled so as to have ductile failure behavior. In the case of columns, the axial load will usually dominate: hence compression failure behavior in case of a large axial load/bending moment ratio cannot be avoided.钢筋用量的情况下光束控制以延性破坏行为。在案件的柱，轴向载荷通常会占主导地位：因此压缩破坏行为是在一个大的轴向载荷和弯矩比是无法避免的。Words1.impose 2.stochastic 3.dynamics 4.intensity 5.classification 6.accelerate7. indicate 8. Provision 9. Superstructure 10. Fabricate 11. erection12. prestress 13.instantaneous 14.element 15.plaster 16.merchandise 17.spatial 18.bound专业英语6练习1. intensity 2. classification 3.dynamics load 4. acceleration 5. superstructure 6.制作与安装 7. 规定、条款 8.存货 9.预应力 10.抹灰Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .Residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals , shops ,stations ,民用建筑分为2大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑应适应家庭生活。各单位应包括至少有三个必要的房间：一个客厅，一个厨房和一个卫生间。公共建筑可用于政治，文化活动，行政工作及其他服务，如学校，办公楼，公园，医院，商店，加油站，theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls , bath pools ,and so on .剧院，体育馆，展览馆，宾馆，洗浴池，等等。All of them have different functions , which in turn require different design types as well.The accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people were chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .拥有方便的公共交通使得距离不再是一个决定性因素，因为大多数人都是开着自己的汽车去上班了。人们现在主要感兴趣的是户型，房间的大小和卧室的数目。Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.在工程项目开始之前，要做好建筑设计和施工流程,让人提前知道该建筑建成后是什么样子以及下一步应该做什么。An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .在建筑设计中要特别重视房间的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利与可能的用途。 In resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .在解决这些复杂的问题，还必须按照当地城市规划条例所涉及的对公共设施，人口密度，建筑物高度，绿化面积，建筑红线等的要求，还要考虑到有相邻建筑的情况，等等。Words1.fascinate 2.ecclesiastical 3.residential 4.intense 5.distinctive 6.prestige7. accommodation 8. sprawl 9. Serviceability 10. Conflicting 11. subservient12. linearly 13.parasitic 14.iterative 15.arbitrary 16.tributary 17.simultaneously 18.stiffness 19. Redistribute 20. Radical 21. necessitate22. congested 23. Prefabrication专业英语7练习1.Residential 2prestige 3. accommodation 4. serviceability 5. linearly 6.stiffness 7. redistribute 8. congested 9. prefabrication10.地标 11.剪力墙筒体 12.风洞 13.投资收益率 14.荷载重分布Surveying EngineeringSurveying is one of the oldest activities of the civil engineering and remains a primary component of civil engineering. It is also one field that continues to undergo phenomenal changes due to technological developments in digital imaging and satellite positioning.测量是土木工程中最古老的领域之一，而且仍然是土木工程的一个重要组成部分。它也是一个随着数学图像和卫星定位等技术的发展而不断发生显著变化的领域。Modern surveying engineering encompasses several specialty areas, the most primary area perhaps is plane surveying .In plane surveying , we consider the fundamentals of measuring distance, angle, direction, and elevation.现代测量工程包括若干专业领域，其中最重要的领域可能是平面测量。在平面测量中，最基础的工作是距离测量，角度测量，方向测量和高程测量。Words1.superstructure 2.substructure 3.interface 4.demarcation 5.versed 6.dilemma 7. Statute 8. expire 9. thereafter 10. heterogeneity 11. reclamation 12. sanitary 13. landfill 14. exploration 15. caisson 16. lawsuit 17. degrade专业英语8练习1.Substructure 2.demarcation 3.dilemma 4. statute 5. caisson 6. reclamation 7. landfill 8. exploration 9. heterogeneity 10. lawsuit11.柱形构件 12.扩展式基础 13.复杂基础 14.土的承载力English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. 土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。2. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines.二.土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。3.A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project.三.土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。4.Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. 四.土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。5.Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economy.五.土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。6.Ancient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices.六.古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。7. Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoret