Great minds 第二个学案

S1B Unit 2Two GeniusesAlbert Einstein was a very famous scientist in the twentieth century. Read this legend about him in a magazine article. 1, genius: n.天才,天才人物 pl. geniuses Tests showed that the boy is a genius. Bach and Mozart were musical geniuses. have a genius for sth. /doing sth. 有做某事的天才, 才能。 She must have a genius for learning languages, for she can speak several foreign languages.2, scientist- science- scientificMany people regard Albert Einstein (1879-1955) as a genius. His attempt to explain the working of the universe led to the development of nuclear energy.(1) regard: vt.看待, 当作, 重视, 尊敬regardas把视为 例如：He is generally regarded as one of the best basketball players in the NBA.regard n.关心, 注意, 尊敬, 尊重, 致意, 问候。= respectregards n. 问候 = best wishes Give my best regards to your family. 【相关词组】 regard sb/sth as sth 认为某人/某物是相似词组: think ofas look on/ upon as treatas consider(as)have regard to顾到/注意 have/show regard for 顾及/考虑/尊重pay (no) regard to (没) 注意到/(不) 重视 in regard to /of 关于/对于(2) attempt n.努力, 尝试, 企图 He failed in his attempt at winning (to win) first prize. make an attempt to do sth He made an attempt to learn to ski. vt.尝试, 企图 attempt a difficult problemThe prisoner attempted an escape but failed. 囚犯们试图越狱但失败了。They attempted to climb Mt. Everest. 他们试图攀登埃佛勒斯山。(3) universe: n. 宇宙God made the universe in seven days. Universal: adj. 全体的，广泛的，全世界的Its a universal agreement that the Earth moves around the Sun.Im looking forward to a universal travel.(4) lead to: 通向，导致，引起Go along the road leading to the temple.Heart failure led to his fathers death.Einstein used to say that the only gift he had was curiosity, but this story about him shows that he also had a sense of humor.1. gift: n. 礼物，天赋 Mozart has a musical gift.= Mozart has a gift for music. Gifted adj. 有天赋的= talented He is a gifted boy.2. curiosity n. 好奇心 arouse curiosity引起好奇心There are some who show great curiosity about other peoples affair.curious adj. Be curious about sth 对好奇Children are curious about everything around them. Im curious to know what is written in his letter. 3. sense: n. 感觉，知觉 Dont be so serious. Dont you have sense of humor. A sense of touch/ sight/ hearing/ taste/ smell The sixth sense common sense 常识 the sense of duty责任感 Make sense= have a clear meaning 有意义，讲得通 The sentence doesnt make any sense to me. 这句话对我来说没有意义。 Does the conversation make any sense to you? 你听懂这个对话了吗？4. humor: 幽默，诙谐 A play with no humor in it 没有幽默成分的剧本 humorous adj. 幽默的，风趣的 humorless adj. 缺乏幽默感的， 一本正经的As a young man with a growing reputation, Einstein received many invitations to go to universities to explain his theories at different universities. On these trips his driver was always the samea man called Hans. Hans often said to him, Its a pleasure to drive a genius like you, Dr Einstein.”1. growing adj. 不断增长的 increasing 作为一名声名鹊起的年轻人，爱因斯坦接到许多邀请，要他到各种各样的大学里去阐述他的理论。句中with a growing reputation 是一个介词短语，作young man 的定语。growing是现在分词作reputation 的定语，意为“正在增长着的名声”。a growing reputation 是介词with的宾语。with a growing reputation 也可以用 who enjoys a growing reputation 这一定语从句来表示。在英语中，主从复合句中的从句可以用短语形式来代替。例如： The girl with long hair dances wonderfully. 可说成： The girl who is with long hair dances wonderfully. 句子中to explain his theories at different universities是一个动词不定式短语，作后置定语来进一步对名词invitation 作解释。2. reputation n. 名声；名誉 He is careless of his reputation. I know you by reputation. 久闻大名。【同根词】repute /repju:t/ vt. 被公认为 He is reputed as the best doctor in Beijing. 他被公认为北京最好的医生。3. theory n. 理论 【同根词】theoretical adj. 理论的； 理论上的 theoretically adv. 理论上地 The project sounds perfect in theory. This book is too theoretical; I need a practical guide. One evening, on their way to a distant university, Einstein said I wish I didnt have to give my lecture tonight, Hans. Im so tired, but I dont want to let my audience down.1. distant adj. 遥远的，远处的 The visitors came from a distant place. 【同根词】 distance n. 距离 The visitors came from a very distant place. A good cyclist can cover distances of over a hundred miles a day.2. let down 让失望 = disappoint Your last paper was poor. I hope you wont let me down this time. Dont worry, I wont let you down.= Dont worry. I wont disappoint you.3. audience (见unit1 reading part)4. I wish I didnt have to give my lecture tonight. wish 用来表示不太可能实现的愿望，后面的宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反的愿望，动词用过去时，be动词用were。 与过去愿望相反，与动词用过去完成时；与将来愿望相反，用could / would / should + 动词原形。“You dont need to give the lecture.” said Hans. I can give it for you. Ive listened to your lecture so many times that Ive learnt it by heart. No one knows you at this university, so they wont find out.”1. 复习 so that句型，此处so可不可以改为such2. learn by heart 记住，背下 Please learn the text by heart.Einstein agreed with Hans, so they changed places. At the university, Hans was guided to a platform, where he stood surrounded by professors and students. Einstein took a seat in the audience, listened to Hans give his lecture perfectly, and joined in the applause at the end.1. agree with sb 同意某人，与某人意见一致 Agree on sth 对取得一致意见You and your spouse dont have to agree on politics. Agree with sth 同意，与一致Your story agreed with facts./ they finally agree with my argument. Agree to 支持，接受（想法，计划，条件等） I agree to the arrangement.2. guide v. 指引，带领 n. Guidance 指引3. platform n. 台，讲台，月台，平台4. he stood surrounded by professors and students Surrounded by professors and students在这里作伴随状语修饰stood The secretary worked all night long, a long speech for the president. A, to prepare B, preparing C, prepared D, was preparing5. took, listened to, join in 在句中作并列谓语6. applause n. 鼓掌，掌声 v. ApplaudHowever, before Hans left the platform, a professor shouted from the audience, “Id like to ask you a difficult question.” He then asked a question so complex that Hans had no idea what he was talking about.画线句子等于He then asked so complex question that Hans had no idea what he was talking about.Einstein thought, “Oh no! Now were in trouble.” But Hans just laughed and said, “Thats not a difficult question. In fact, its so easy that even my driver knows how to answer it. Hans, please”Einstein stood up and answered the question perfectly.They left the university, with Einstein driving. A little later, Hans offered to drive. “No, my friend,” said Einstein. “Its a pleasure to drive a genius like you, Hans.”1. offer: v. 提供 offer sb. Sth The man offered him some advice. offer to do He offered to help Mary when she had a problem.2. with的复合结构with+宾语+宾语补足语，构成with复合结构，宾语可以是名词或是代词，宾语补足语可以是介词短语、过去分词、现在分词、形容词、动词不定式、副词。且with后面的宾语与其后的宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。1）With+宾语+介词短语He was asleep with his head on his arms.2）with+宾语+过去分词（宾语与宾补之间是被动关系）All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.He lay in bed with his head covered.3）with+宾语+现在分词（宾语与宾补之间是主动关系）With winter coming on，its time to buy warm clothes.4）with+宾语+to do（不定式做宾补有“将来”的含义）I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.5）with+宾语+形容词/副词With John away，weve got more room.Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.3. with复合结构的作用with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。1）We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall.（作伴随状语）2）She could not leave with her painful duty unfulfilled.（作原因状语）3）He lay in bed with his head covered.（作方式状语）4）Jack soon fell asleep with the light still burning.（作伴随状语）5）I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.（作原因状语）6）He sat with his arms clasped around his knees.（作方式状语）注：with复合结构在句子中还可以作定语，阅读下面的句子。1）There was a letter for Lanny with a Swiss stamp on it.（作定语修饰letter）2）It was a vast stretch of country with cities in the distance.（作定语修饰a stretch of country）练习1. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _, he gladly accepted it.A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished2. Now that weve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions _?A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take3. You have no idea how she finished the relay race _ her foot wounded so much.A. for B. when C. with D. while4. -Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.-Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down. A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled5. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _, he gladly accepted it.A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished6. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _.A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 7. _ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctors help to end her life. A. Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cureC. There being hope for cure D. In the hope of cure8. _ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.A. With B. Besides C. As for D/ Because of 9. It was a pity that the great writer died _ his works unfinished.A. for B. with C. from D. of 10. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A. As B. For C. With D. ThroughS1B Unit 2 More readingThe Nobel PrizeRead this leaflet about the Noble Prize.Alfred Nobel was an inventor born in Sweden. When he died in 1896, he left a lot of money and property. This was then worth about nine million US dollars, and later became the original source of the world-famous Nobel Prize.1property: U 财产 The family had little property except an old house.2worth adj. 值的钱Her new necklace is worth $ 2,000. Be worth sth/ doing sth 值得做某事The museum is certainly worth a visit.The idea is well worth considering. n. 价值 The winner will receive ten pounds worth of books.赢家将获得价值十磅的书籍。 worthy adj. 有价值的，应的，值得的 be worthy of sth/doing sth 值得，配得上 His behavior is worthy of great praise. be worthy to do 配做，值得做 She said she was not worthy to be my wife.3. original (见unit1)Nobel believed that the spread of knowledge would make the world a better place. The yearly-awarded prizes are given to honour those who help mankind. Nobel said that the prizes should honour the most important discoveries or inventions in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and the most outstanding works in literature.1.spread n./v. (消息，气味，细菌，疾病等)传播，蔓延 The rapid spread of the news The bird spread its swings and flew away. The disease is spread by mosquitoes.2. award: v. 授予 n. 奖，奖品He has been awarded a scholarship to a key university. reward: (对某行为)给予报酬，报答 reward sb with sth. Your years efforts will be rewarded with remarkable success sooner or later. She started singing to the baby and was rewarded with a smile.rewarding: 有回报的，有收益的 Raising pigs is a rewarding job.3. honor: 尊敬，尊重，给予奖励 honor sb with sth After the war, the returning soldiers were honored with a special ceremony in the capital. In honor of 出于对某人的敬意 A ceremony in honor of those killed in the battle4. those who 那些的人 God helps those who help themselves. Those who reach the Great Wall are the true men. Those who have no place to live in are homeless.Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been presented to the winners on 10 December, the anniversary of Alfred Nobels death. At the award ceremony in the Stockholm Concert Hall, the king of Sweden hands each winner a diploma and a medal. The ceremony is followed by a large banquet for about 1,300 people Among the guests of honour are the Nobel Prize winners and their families, the King and the Queen, and many well-known leaders in science and culture. Two hundred and fifty young students are also honoured with invitations to this grand occasion.1. present: v. 颁发， 授予At the ceremony, the winners were presented with awards. Present n. 礼物 Present adj. 目前的，现在的练习Fill in the blank with the proper forms of the words provided in the word bank.reputation gift surround in trouble let down attempt sense perfect complex offer 1. He to pass the final exam but failed because of his carelessness.2. She seemed to have a for playing piano when she was a little girl.3. It is common that practice makes perfect.4. She has a for being amusing, so we all like her.5. While staying there on holiday, everything was .6. His failure to pass the test really his mother .7. Judy was guided to the classroom, where she sat by students.8. Work hard, or you all will be at the end of this term.Translations1中国的长城被认为是世界最伟大奇迹之一。（regard）2她试图说服其兄弟戒烟，但不奏效。（attempt）3我们都认为我父亲是个天才，他有修理东西的天赋。（gift）4是我们印象最深刻的是那位新来者很有幽默感。（humor）5罪犯居然是那个有很多荣誉称号的教授，这个事实让每个人都感到震惊。（with）6这家餐馆名声很好，那里的饭菜价廉物美。（reputation）7对你刚刚所讲的话我一个字也不同意。（agree）8这个声名鹊起的年轻人将会成为这个城市的市长mayor。（reputation）9。他好奇地想要知道周围的一切，这使他的妈妈很担心。（curious）10这个一年一度颁发的奖项旨在表彰那些曾帮助过人类的人。（honor）11我情愿自己尝试猜一下答案，也不愿意去抄别人的答案。 (attempt )S1B U2 语法 动词不定式用法一、动词不定式的定义 动词不定式由 “to +动词原形”构成，可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等,但不能作谓语。动词不定式在句子中可作如下成分：To do that sort of thing is foolish. 主语I want to see you this evening. 宾语All you have to do is to finish it quickly. 表语We found a house to live in. 定语She came here to study English. 状语I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 宾补(一) 作主语To master a foreign language is really important nowadays. 当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。To give up smoking is right. 放弃吸烟是对的。(二) 作宾语Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for a job. Fred没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。He promised not to tell anyone about it. 他答应不告述任何人这事。The following verbs are normally followed by the infinitive:afford(给予), agree(同意), appear(出现), arrange(安排), ask(要求), attempt(试图), choose(选择), claim(要求), dare(胆敢), decide(决定), demand(需要), deserve(应得), determine(决心), expect(期望), fail(失败), get(得到), guarantee(担保), hate(反感), help(帮助), hope(希望), hurry(赶紧), intend(打算), learn(学习), long(渴望), manage(管理), offer(提供), plan(计划), prepare(准备), pretend(假装), promise(许诺), refuse(拒绝), seem(似乎), tend(倾向), threaten(威胁), want(想要), wish(祝愿) The following verbs are normally followed by v-ing: avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, cant help(三) 作表语My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英语。To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(四) 作定语Do you have anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗?Betty was the first to know the truth. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人。注意: 1. 如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，其后应加上必要的介词。例如： He is a pleasant person to work with.2. 不定式作定语，往往表示将要发生的动作。例如： I have a lot of work to do. The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.(五) 作状语He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.（目的）They jumped with joy to hear the news.（原因）Im too tired to walk any further tonight.（结果）目的状语: 常用的结构to do： in order to do, so as to do, so/ such as to do, etc.例如: I come here to say good-bye to you.结果状语: 常与only , enough 或too连用。例如：He studied hard only to fail the exam. He is old enough to go to school.原因状语: 一般用在句尾。例如：Im glad to see you.She cried to see the sight.(六) 作宾语补足语She asked me to stay there. 她叫我呆在这儿。Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you. 请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。1. 带to的不定式作宾补。很多动词如: allow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等后面作宾补的不定式都带to。例如: He didnt allow us to smoke in his house.他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。2. 不带to的不定式作宾补。使役动词make, have, let;感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面作宾补的不定式不带to。例如：He mad a face and made every body laugh. 他做了一个鬼脸, 逗得大家都笑了。 注意:如果上述结构变为被动语态,不定式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语，此时第2类动词(let, have无被动语态)后原来不带to的不定式要加to。例如: I saw him go upstairs. He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看见他上楼去了。二、动词不定式的时态（一）一般式( to do ) 不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）与句子谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。例如:He seems to know this. I hope to see you next week.（二）进行式( to be doing) 表示谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。He pretended to be working when I came in.He seems to be thinking deeply, without noticing me passing him.（三）完成式（to have done) 不定式的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前。I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.You seemed to have read the novel written by Mr. Smith.三、动词不定式的语态（一）主动式( to do / to be doing /to have done)当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的执行者时。例如：We want to learn English well.Robert is said _abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. made D. to make（二）被动式( to be done / to have been done)当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时.He didnt like to be laughed at.He claimed _in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.A. being badly treated B. treating badlyC. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated.注意 A. 动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加not。例如：My father decided not to take up the job.The teacher told us not to be late again.否定副词not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于to前。例如：My mother told me never to do it again.B. 动词不定式之后可加疑问词，通常做主语，宾语。例如：How to use the computer is a new lesson for him.Can you tell me where to get the book?C. 作简短回答或避