韩礼德与系统功能语法

HallidayandSystemic FunctionalGrammar GaoLei MichaelAlexanderKirkwoodHallidayhasdevelopedideasstemmingfromFirth stheoriesintheLondonSchool HeisprobablythemostimportantrepresentativeoftheSystemic FunctionalSchool Systemic FunctionalGrammarhastwocomponents SystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar SystemicGrammar SystemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasaSYSTEMNETWORK orMEANINGPOTENTIAL Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystemsfromwhichlanguageusersmakechoices Thenotionofsystemismadeacentralexplanatoryprinciple thewholeoflanguagebeingconceivedasa systemofsystems Hallidaydefinessystemasasystemofpotentials arangeofalternatives SystemicGrammar person Firstperson Secondperson Thirdperson number singular plural tense past present future 当从有关系统中一一进行选择之后 如人称 数 及物性 语气 时态等 则可生成句子结构 SystemicGrammar Theaxisofchain Surfaceaspectsofgrammar suchassentencestructures linguisticunits andtheirranks sentence clause group word andmorpheme Theaxisofchoice Meaningaspectsofgrammar choice paradigmatic Chain syntagmatic Onagenerallevel thereistheChainSystemandtheChoiceSystem Therelationbetweensystemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar ThesystemnetworkinSystemicGrammarchieflydescribesthreecomponentsoffunction orthreemetafunctions ideational interpersonal andtextual Eachofthemisacomplexsystemconsistingofothersystems andchoicesaresimultaneouslymadefromthethreemetafunctions FunctionalGrammar Hallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammaras essentiallya natural grammar inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplained Hallidayinterpretslanguagedevelopmentfromafunctionalpointofviewandformulatesafunctionaltheoryoflanguage theideationaltheinterpersonalthetextualfunction Threemetafunctions FunctionalGrammar Theideationalfunctionistoconveynewinformation tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer Theideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsof transitivity and voice Theinterpersonalfunctionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations Thetextualfunctionreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences Transitivity Transitivityisagrammaticalsystem It specifiesthedifferenttypesofprocessthatarerecognizedinthelanguage andthestructuresbywhichtheyareexpressed Thebasicsemanticframeworkfortherepresentationofprocessconsistsofthreecomponents 1 theprocessitself 2 participantsintheprocess and 3 circumstancesassociatedwiththeprocess Process InEnglish wemakechoicesbetweendifferenttypesofprocess participants circumstances roles andmembers Theyareknowncollectivelyasthetransitivitychoices Wefirstdividedthechoicesintosixkinds Transitivity Materialprocess Johnkickedtheball Mentalprocess JohnlikesMary RelationalProcess Johnisonthesofa Behaviouralprocess Johnlaughed Verbalprocess Johnsaiditiscoldintheroom Existentialprocess Thereisacatonthesofa Process 1 Materialprocesses Processesofdoing Materialprocessesareprocessesofdoing Suchaprocessisexpressedbyanactionverb e g beat break kick anactor logicalsubject andthegoaloftheaction logicaldirectobject usuallyanounorapronoun ActorandGoalcorrespondtoAgentandPatient Forexample Mybrotherbrokethewindow Actor Process Goal Thegirlsmiles Actor Process Process 2 MentalProcesses Processesofsensing Amentalprocessconsistsoftwoparticipants SenserandPhenomenon Thesenseristheconsciousbeingthatisfeeling thinking orseeing Thephenomenonisthatwhichis sensed felt thought seen Thecategoryofmentalprocessconsistsofthreeprincipalsubtypes 1 perception seeing hearing etc 2 affection liking fearing etc and 3 cognition thinking knowing etc e g Marylikedthegift Senser Process Phenomenon ThegiftpleasedMary Phenomenon Process Senser Process 3 RelationalProcesses ProcessesofBeing Relationalprocessescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes theAttributiveandtheIdentifying Theformerexpresseswhatattributesacertainobjecthas orwhattypeitbelongsto Thelatterexpressestheidenticalpropertiesoftwoentities ThesetworelationscanbefurtherclassifiedintotheIntensive isa Circumstantial isata andPossessive hasa Process 3 RelationalProcesses ProcessesofBeing Attributivemode Carrier Process Attribute Maryiswise intensive ThemeetingisonaTuesday circumstantial Peterhasapiano possessive Identifyingmode Identified Process Identifier 4 Tomistheleader intensive 5 Tomorrowisthetenth circumstantial 6 ThepianoisPeter s possessive Process 3 RelationalProcesses ProcessesofBeing Process 3 RelationalProcesses ProcessesofBeing Tomistheleader TheleaderisTom Maryiswise WiseisMary Process 3 RelationalProcesses ProcessesofBeing Hallidaypointsoutthatinanyidentifyingclause thereisaTokenandaValue Thesearealwaysrelatedwiththeidentifierandtheidentified Forexample e g Johnisourmonitor IdentifiedProcessIdentified TokenValue Process 3 RelationalProcesses ProcessesofBeing HallidayalsopointsoutthatifthesubjectisToken thentheclauseisintheactivevoice OrifthesubjectisValue thentheclauseisinthepassivevoice Examplesare e g Thedaughterresembleshermother Themotherisresembledbythedaughter Process 4 VerbalProcesses ProcessesofSaying Verbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation Commonlyusedverbsare say tell talk praise describe etc InthistypeofprocessestheparticipantaretheSayer Receiver andVerbiage Theverbiageistheverbalizationitselforthecontentofmessage Hesaidthat Sayer Process Verbiage Thenoticestellsyoutokeepquite Sayer Process Verbiage Sheaskedmesomequestions Sayer Process Verbiage Process 5 BehaviouralProcesses ProcessesofBehaving Behaviouralprocessesrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalactivitiessuchasbreathing coughing dreaming andcrying etc Generallyonlyoneparticipant theBehaver oftenahuman isinvolvedintheseprocesses Thegirllaughedheartily Behaver Process Circumstantial Hesigheddeeply Behaver Process Circumstantial Process 6 ExistentialProcesses ProcessesofExistingorHappening Itisusuallyrealizedbythere construction TheExistentintheprocessmaybeanevent anobjectorahumanbeing Therewasastorm Process Existent Onthewalltherehangsapicture Circumstance Process Existent There samanatthedoor Process Existent Circumstance Participants 1 Beneficiary Thebeneficiaryistheonetowhomorforwhomtheprocessissaidtotakeplace Itappearsinmaterialandverbalprocesses andsometimesinrelationalprocesses Materialprocess recipient onethatgoodsaregivento Hegaveabooktoher Client onethatservicesaredonefor Heboughtapresentforher Verbalprocess receiver Relationalprocess beneficiary Participants Inamaterialprocess RecipientandClienteachmayappearwithorwithoutapreposition dependingonitspositionintheclause Ifitisanexternaldative RecipientisassociatedwiththeprepositiontoandClienttheprepositionfor Participants e g Hegaveherabook Actor Process Beneficiary Recipient Goal Hegaveabooktoher Actor Process Goal Beneficiary Recipient Heboughtapresentforher Actor Process Goal Beneficiary Client Heboughtherapresent Actor Process Beneficiary Client Goal Participants 2 Range TheRangeistheelementthatspecifiestherangeorscopeoftheprocess Itmayoccurinmaterial behavioural mental andverbalprocess Heclimbedthemountain Theymovedthemountain materialprocess Whathedidtothemountainwasclimbit Whattheydidtothemountainwasmoveit Hehasthemountainclimbed Theyhavethemountainmoved Theycrossedthefieldflat Theytrampledthefieldflat resultativeattribute range goal Participants 2 Range Helikesit itspecifiesthedomainofone sliking Mentalprocess Verbalprocess therangeelementexpressestheclass quality orquantityofwhatissaid ShespeaksGerman class Heaskedadifficultquestion quality Hemadealogspeech quantity Circumstances ExtentandLocationManner Means QualityandComparison Cause Reason PurposeandBehalf AccompanimentMatterRole 1 ExtentandLocation Extentisrelatedwiththenotionofdistanceandduration astretch aperiod whereasLocationisrelatedwiththenotionofplaceandtime aspot apoint Bothofthemcanexpressspatialandtemporalmeanings Hewalkedtwomiles Extent spatial Hestayedfortwoweeks Extent temporal Hestudiedintheclassroom Location spatial Hegetsupatsixo clock Location temporal 2 Manner ThecircumstantialelementofMannerconsistsofthreesubcategories Means Quality Comparison 1a Thepigwasbeatenwiththestick 1b Shebeatthepigwiththestick 2a Thepigwasbeatenbyastick 2b Thestickbeatthepig Meansreferstothemeansorinstrumentswherebyaprocesstakesplace instrument actor agent Hecamebytrain 2 Manner Qualityexpressionsrepresentvariousmeaningssuchasdegree e g Itpuzzledhimtoomuch Comparisonrepresentsthemeaningofsimilarityordifference Itistypicallyexpressedbyaprepositionalphrasewithlikeorunlike e g Heworkedlikeaslave Hesignedhisnamedifferently 3 Cause Threesubcategories Reason Purpose andBehalf Behalf