四级长难句.docx

四级长难句四级长难句第一章：定语从句一、概念汉语定语只能前置,英语定语既可前置也可后置。两者的不同,不仅表现在结构上,也表现在意义上。英语中的定语从句有时从原因、结果、目的或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。因此,在对语法结构、上下文逻辑深刻理解的前提下,为了更明确表明这种逻辑关系,可将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。同时值得注意的是,定语从句与中心词之间常有分割成分,而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。因此,遇到这种结构,一定根据上下文和常识进行判断。译句时 可采用提前译、顺序译、分译或转译等法。 二、例题1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances/ in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example. 第一层： As far as the third factor is concerned状从1, the history 主 of science 定 shows 谓 many 定 instances 宾 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful定从resistance to further investigation in some cases 状 centuries 主 elapsed 谓 before this resistance was eventually broken down, as 状从2 happened in cosmology, for example. 第二层： (状从1) As far as： 引 the third factor ：主语 is： 系 concerned： 表语。(定从) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 谓 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 状 sistance to further investigation (状从2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 状 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology, for example 定语从句 第三层： (定语从句) as 引 happened 谓 in cosmology, 状 for example. 插入语 要点： 本句由两个分句构成,以分号连接。第一个分句的主干为the history of science shows many instances, in which引导的定语从句修饰instances, such .as .表结果,后接不定式；在第二个分句中,before 引出时间状语从句：before this resistance was eventually broken down;代词as在此是关系代词,引出定语从句：as happened in cosmology。resistance:抵抗(力)；阻力。cosmology:宇宙论,宇宙哲学 译文： 至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明,权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。 2. Behaviorists suggest /that the child/ who is raised in an environment/ where there are many stimuli/ which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 第一层： Behaviorists 主 suggest 谓 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 宾语从句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 第二层： (宾、语从句) that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定语从句 for appropriate responses will experience 谓 greater intellectual 定 development. 宾 第三层： (定语从句) who 引 is raised 谓 in an environment 状 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句 第四层： (定语从句) where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句 第五层： (定从) which 引 develop 谓 his or her 定 capacity 宾 for appropriate 定 responses 要点 ：据上下文逻辑可看出,本句suggest的词义不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind, 所以译为的看法是。who引的定从饰child,据上下文语义关系,翻译成条件句；where引的定从修饰environment,用合译法译出；which引的从句饰stimuli,用分译法翻译。appropriate:适合的,相称的。 译文 ：行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大,而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。 3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism/ in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism /in which man and full development of his potentialities_ those of love and of reason _ are the aims of all social arrangements. 要点： 本句含有两个定从的主从复合句。主句的谓语suggest可接动名词作宾语。宾语中的transform常用transform sth. from . into.结构中,译为把从转变为。句中两个in which分别饰先行词industrialism,译时宜采用前置法。两破折号间的those of love and of reason为potentialities的同位语。 译文： 我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能-即爱和理智的潜能-为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。 4. President Kennedy wanted people/ who raised questions, /who criticized, /on whose judgment he could rely, /who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint. 要点： 本句中who.,who.,on whose.,who.四个定语从句并列,共同修饰中心词people。 译文： 肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。 5. In the soap war between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs. 要点： 此句结构较复杂,但主句简单,主语use,谓语is made。主句正常语序tremendous use of statistics is made to., to measure.作目的状语,resulting from.为现在分词短语作difference的后置定语。which引导一个非限制性定语从句,修饰allocation to advertising。so that引导一个结果状语从句。plus为介词,意为加上。soap war 为肥皂广告大战。 译文： 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever两家企业之间的肥皂大战中,双方就大量使用了统计学知识来测量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异,这一项在售前的生产成本中占较大部分,所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和。 6. Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis. 要点： 本句为简单复合句。句架为Smart cards, which ., are already widely used in European countries where.。which为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰smart cards；where 为关系副词,引导定语从句,修饰countries。nationwide:全国范围内的。roll out:本意为展开(卷起之物),此处为引申义,指展开工作。 译文： 智能卡载有的信息量是普通磁卡信息载量的80多倍,已经在欧洲各国广泛使用,因而使欧洲各国中央银行得以在全国范围展开新型的服务。 7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is.定语从句的先行词是chemical change,而不是result或matter。 译文 我们可以说,化学是论述物质化学变化的科学,通过化学变化可能获得新的物质。 7. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch! 要点：本句由一个主句(Time goes fast)、两个定语从句(who.和you can catch)和一个状语从句(when.)组成。you can catch前省略了that。按照先发生的事情先叙述以及条件在先结果在后的汉语习惯,翻译时应采用逆序法。 译文： 对一个有美感,能以好奇心接收你所能抓到的任何东西的人来说,时间总是过得很快,比如当戏水池里有几个可爱的孩子,池边还有一位如黛安娜似的年轻女子时。三、实战（2017年6月英语四级阅读理解长难句解析） (一)This week Wal-Mart is set to announce amajor initiative aimed at helping cottonfarmers go organic: it will buy transitionalcotton at higher prices, thus helping to expandthe supply of a key sustainable material.原文译文：本周沃尔玛超市准备宣布旨在帮助棉农们转向有机道路的主要措施:它将以更高的价格买下过渡型棉花，从而帮助扩大重要的可持续原料的供应。四级词汇讲解：本句的主干是Wal-Mart is set to announce initiative。aimed at helping cotton farmers goorganic为maior initiative的后置定语;冒号之后的内容是对major initiative的具体解释说明，其中thus helping为状语。he set to do sth.的意思是“准备好做某事”。如：They were all set to go when the bell rang. 铃声响起时，他们都准备好要走了。aim at doing sth.的意思是“企图、力求做某事”。如：We must aim at increasing tlae profits. 我们要力求增加利润。英语四级考点归纳：go除了作不及物动词表示“走，去，前进”等，还可以作系动词： 表示“处于状态”。如：Id rather go hungry than have breakfast. 我宁愿挨饿也不吃早餐。 表示“变成，成为”。如:This eye patient may go blind. 这位眼疾患者可能会变成瞎子。 (二)Boys at single-sex schools were said to bemore likety to get involved in cultural andartistic activities that helped develop theiremotional expressiveness, rather than feelingthey had to conform to the boy code ofhiding their emotions to be a real man.原文译文：据说，在单一性别学校里的男孩更有可能参与到有助于培养他们情感表达能力的文化和艺术活动中，而不会让他们觉得必须遵从“男孩法则”，掩饰自己的真性情从而成为“真正的男人”。四级词汇讲解：本句的主干是Boys were said to be likely to.that helped develop their emotionalexpressiveness为定语从句修饰cultural and artistic activities; rather than作介词，后接动名词结构feeling.，同时该结构中的they had to conform to the boy code of hiding theiremotions to be a real man是feeling的宾语从句。be said to意为“据说，被认为”。如：Women are often said to be more emotional than men. 女人常常被认为比男人更易动感情。 (三)Had I not attended this workshop, I wouldhave automatically assumed the man was thebest candidate because the position requiredquite a bit of extensive trarrel.原文译文：如果没有参加过这次研讨会，很自然我就会认定那位男士是最佳候选人。因为这个职位需要经常出差。四级词汇讲解：本句的主干是I would have assumed。倒装结构HadI not attended this workshop为条件状语从句;the man was the best candidate为assumed的宾语从句，省略了引导词that ; because引导的是原因状语从句。assume的意思是“设想，认为”。如：I cannot assume anything in this case. 在这种情况下，我无法作任何猜测。a bit of本义是“少量，一点点”，前面加了quite，则意为“大量的”。如：The novel will take a bit of reading. 这本小说不需要花很多时间来看。英语四级考点归纳：由if引导的条件状语从句，有时可把if省略，将从句的系动词或助动词前置构成倒装，这种情况下句子一般采用的是虚拟语气，表示一种假设的概念。如:Were it not for his help, I would be in trouble. 要不是他帮忙，我就陷入麻烦了。(系动词were前置)Had we made adequate preparations, we might have succeeded. 我们要是准备充分的话或许就成功了。(助动词had前置)Should he call, what would you tell him? 万一他来电话，你怎么对他说? (四)I was just thrown off by the lack of eyecontact, nod realizing it was cultural, Tiffany says. I missed out, but will not miss thatopportunity again.原文译文：“仅仅是因为缺乏眼神交流，我就放弃了这名候选人，我没意识到那是文化的差异，”蒂法尼说。“我错过了那次机会，但是以后不会再错过那样的机会了。”四级词汇讲解：本句的主干是Tiffany says，其余的部分皆为直接引语。not realizing it was cultural为第一部分直接引语的伴随状语;第二部分直接引语中but连接并列的谓语部分，but前后的谓语动词相同却采用了不同的时态，用以突出过去和将来的对比概念。throw sb. off的意思是“摆脱某人”。如：She threw off one of her pursuers. 她甩掉了其中一个追求者。miss out的意思是“失去(获得利益或获得乐趣的机会)”。如：If I dont go to the party, I shall feel Im missing out. 我要是不去参加聚会，就会觉得损失很大。英语四级考点归纳：短语miss out具体用法如下： miss sb./sth.out意为“不包括某人(某事物)在内，遗漏”。如：Make sure you dont miss any detail out. 确认不要遗漏任何细节。 miss out (on sth.)意为“错失的机会”。如:I dont want to miss out on all the fun. 我不想错失玩乐的机会。 (五)He had a perfect resume and gave goodresponses to her questions, but the fact that henever looked her in the eye said untrustworthy, so she decided to offer thejob to her second choice.原文译文：他的简历堪称完美，对她提出的问题也能对答如流，但他从来不正视蒂法尼的眼睛，这让她感觉他这个人“不可靠”。因此，她把这份工作给了她的第二人选。四级词汇讲解：本句中so引导的是结果状语从句，主句部分为but连接的并列句，主干为he had resume and gaveresponse, but fact said untrustworthy。第二个分句中that引导的是fact的同位语从句。response的意思是“回答;反应”，常与介词to连用。如：He made no response to my question. 他没有回答我的问题。decide to do sth.的意思是“决定做某事”。如：He decided to leave his job. 他决定离职。offer sth. to sb.的意思是“为某人提供某物”。如：They offered the opportunity to someone else. 他们把机会给别人了。 (六)Every day that they write in their journalsputs them a step closer to fluency, eloquence, and command of language.原文译文：他们每天在写日记，这会让他们表达更加流利和雄辩，距掌握语言更近了一步。四级词汇讲解：本句的主干是that puts them。every day为时间状语;that引导的是主语从句;a step closer to fluency, eloquence, and command of language为宾语them的补语：command作名词与介词of连用意为“使用或控制某事物，掌握”。如：He has a good command of English. 他精通英语。英语四级考点归纳：常见的主语从句有以下几种： 由that引导。如：That he hasnt called is odd. 他没来电话真是很奇怪。Its certain that prices will go up. 物价要上涨是肯定的。 由连接代词或连接副词引导。如：Why they left wasnt important. 他们为什么离开并不重要。It was uncertain whether she would come or not. 她来不来还不确定。 由关系代词what或whatever引导。如：What I want is a watch. 我想要的是一块手表。Whatever you did was right. 你做的一切都是对的。 (七)My task is to build fluency while providingthe opportunity inherent in any writing activityto enhance the moral and emotionaldevelopment of my students.原文译文：我的任务就是在任何写作活动中提供一些内在的机会来培养他们英语的流畅程度，以此来增强学生道德和情感上的发展。四级词汇讲解：本句的主干是task is to build fluency。while为句子的伴随状语;to enhance the moral andemotional development of my students为目的状语。inherent in的意思是“内在的，固有的”。如：Thats the power inherent in the office of President.那是总统任内固有的权力.英语四级考点归纳：状语从句通常采用省略的形式，采取省略结构，常见的如下： 时间状语从句可省略主语和系动词。如：He had an accident while (he was) on his way home.他在回家的路上出了事故。 条件状语从句可省略主语和系动词。如：If (you are) in doubt, ask at your local library.如有疑问，可向当地图书馆查询。 地点状语从句可省略主语和系动词。如：Fill in blanks with words where necessary.在必要的地方用单词填空。 (八)They fail to grasp that welcoming foreignstudents to the United States has two importantpositive effects: first, the very best of them stayin the States andlike immigrants throughouthistory-strength the nation; andsecond, foreign students who study in theUnited States become ambassadors for many ofits most cherished values when they returnhome.原文译文：他们没有领会到欢迎国际学生到美国留学有两个非常重要的正面作用：第一，他们中最优秀的人才会留在美国，像历史上的移民一样，为美国效力;第二，在美国学习的外国学生回国后会宣扬美国人所珍视的价值观，充当美国的外交使节。四级词汇讲解：本句的主干是they fail to grasp。that引导的是grasp的宾语从句，该从句的主语是动名词短语welcoming foreign students to the United States;冒号之后的内容是对two importantpositive effects的具体解说;who引导的who study in the United States是foreign students的定语从句，when they return home为时间状语从句。grasp在句中作动词，意为“领会，理解”，此外还可以表示“抓住，抓紧”。如：Dont graspe my arm. 别抓住我的手臂。very用于形容词最高级之前时意为“十足，完全”，起到强调的作用。如：Ill be there at five oclock at the very latest. 我最迟5点钟到那里。cherish在句中意为“珍爱，珍视”，此外还有“抱有，怀有”之意。如：Cherish your dreams, and they will lead to a bright future.心怀梦想，这些梦想将会带来光明的前途。英语四级考点归纳：grasp作名词也含有“抓住;理解”之意，相关的短语和表达如下： have a good grasp of意为“深刻了解”。如：You clearly do not have a good grasp of what the problem is. 很显然，你对这个问题还没很好地理解。 in the grasp of意为“在掌握中”。如：This area is in the grasp of an enemy.这一地区在敌人的控制之下。 beyond ones grasp意为“力量达不到”。如：Your plans are beyond my grasp.你的计划我无法办到。 within ones grasp意为“力量达得到”。如：The goal is within my grasp.这个目标是我力所能及的。 (九)The attempt to make up lost ground iswelcome, but the nation would be better servedby steady, predictable increases in sciencefunding at the rate of Tong-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percentper year.原文译文：尝试填补研究领域的空白是可喜的，但想要更好地服务国家，就应该使可预期的科学经费稳定地增长，增长速率要与长期国内生产总值增长速率同步，这相当于每年的通货膨胀率再加上3%。四级词汇讲解：本句是由but连接的并列句，句子的主干是attempt is welcome, but nation would be served。inscience funding为increases的后置定语，at the rate of long-term GDP growth是状语;which引导的是the rate of long-term GDP growth的非限制性定语从句。make up此处的意思是“弥补”。如：You have to make up the time you wasted yesterday.你得把昨天浪费的时间补回来。at the rate of的意思是“以的速度或比率”。如：The factory produced cars at the rate of 100 per week.工厂以每周100辆的速度生产汽车。on the order of的意思是“相似于，大约”。如:The impact of Internet market is on the order of the tradition