《研究生综合英语》PPT课件

U9 AdditionalInformationfortheTeacher sReference TextYouAreWhatYouSay Warm upActivities FurtherReading WritingSkills AdditionalWork Warm upActivities Warm up1 Howiswomen slanguagedifferentfrommen s Summarythemainfeaturesofwomen slanguagewithexamplesyoucanthinkof Doyouthinksuchpairsofwordsas bachelor spinster and widow widower arereallinguisticparallels Whatarethedifferentconnotationsofmembersofeachpair CanyouthinkofexamplesofeuphemismintheChineselanguageandculture 1 2 3 RobinLakoffisanAmericanauthorandprofessoroflinguistics ShewasborninBrooklyn NewYorkandattendedRadcliffeCollege IndianaUniversity andHarvardUniversityforherB A M A andPh D respectively Since1972 shehastaughtintheLinguisticsDepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley ShehaswrittenLanguageandWoman sPlace 1975 andcoauthoredFaceValue ThePoliticsofBeauty 1984 Inhermostrecentbook TheLanguageWar 2000 Lakoffanalyzesthe1990 sbacklash primarilybywhitemen tothepreviousdecade s politicallycorrect speechmovement AIFTTR1 AdditionalInformationfortheTeacher sReference 1 RobinLakoff AIFTTR2 Womenusemore fancy colortermssuchas mauve and beige Womenuselesspowerfulcursewords Womenusemorepowerfulintensifierssuchas terrible and awful Womenusemoretagquestions Womenusemorestatementquestionslike Dinnerwillbereadyatseveno clock witharisingintonationattheend Women slinguisticbehaviorismoreindirectand hence morepolitethanmen s 2 WomenRegisterinthelanguage 1 2 3 4 5 6 Text YouAreWhatYouSay Notes IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle PhrasesandExpressions Exercises MainIdeaoftheText MIOTT1 MainIdeaoftheText YouAreWhatYouSayoriginallyappearedinMs magazinein1974andwaslaterincludedinhermostfamouswork acollectionofessaysentitledLanguageandWomen sPlace 1975 BasedonLakoff sanecdotalobservations itpurportstoillustratethegender basedsociolinguisticbehaviorsuchasfemalesubmissiveness basedonuseoftagquestionsto avoidcommitmentorconflictwithhearerbyseekingconfirmation amovethatalsosignalslackofself confidence Withherfullawarenessofwomen ssocialstatusandnumerousobjectiveexamplesprevalentineverydayEnglish theauthordrawsanacuteportrayalofhowthefemaleisverballyoppressedandridiculedinamale centeredworld IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle RobinLakoffisanAmericanauthorandprofessoroflinguistics ShewasborninBrooklyn NewYorkandattendedRadcliffeCollege IndianaUniversity andHarvardUniversityforherB A M A andPh D respectively Since1972 shehastaughtintheLinguisticsDepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley ShehaswrittenLanguageandWomen sPlace 1975 andcoauthoredFaceValue ThePoliticsofBeauty 1984 Inhermostrecentbook TheLanguageWar 2000 Lakoffanalyzesthe1990 sbacklash primarilybywhitemen tothepreviousdecade s politicallycorrect speechmovement IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle2 YouAreWhatYouSayoriginallyappearedinMs magazinein1974andwaslaterincludedinhermostfamouswork acollectionofessaysentitledLanguageandWomen sPlace 1975 BasedonLakoff sanecdotalobservations itpurportstoillustratethegender basedsociolinguisticbehaviorsuchasfemalesubmissiveness basedonuseoftagquestionsto avoidcommitmentorconflictwithhearerbyseekingconfirmation amovethatalsosignalslackofself confidence Itsparkeddecadesofinterestinandempiricalresearchonthesociolinguisticsofgender someofwhichshowedtherelationbetweenlinguisticformandcommunicativefunctiontobemorecomplicatedthanone to one Part2 T1 Women slanguage isthatpleasant euphemistic never aggressivewayoftalkingwelearnedaslittlegirls Culturalbiaswasbuiltintothelanguagewewereallowedtospeak thesubjectswewereallowedtospeakabout andthewayswewerespokenof Havinglearnedourlinguisticlessonwell wegooutintheworld onlytodiscoverthatwearecommunicativecripples damnedifwedo anddamnedifwedon t RobinLakoff YouAreWhatYouSay Text Part2 T2 Ifwerefusetotalk likealady weareridiculedandcriticizedforbeingunfeminine Shethinkslikeaman is atbest aleft handedcompliment Ifwedolearnallthefuzzyheaded unassertivelanguageofoursex weareridiculedforbeingunabletothinkclearly unabletotakepartinaseriousdiscussion andthereforeunfittoholdapositionofpower Itdoesn ttakemuchofthisforawomantobeginfeelingshedeservessuchtreatmentbecauseofinadequaciesinherownintelligenceandeducation Part2 T3 Women slanguage showsupinalllevelsofEnglish Forexample womenareencouragedandallowedtomakefarmoreprecisediscriminationsinnamingcolorsthanmendo Wordslikemauve beige lavender andsoon areunremarkableinawoman sactivevocabulary butlargelyabsentfromthatofmostmen Iknowofnoevidencesuggestingthatwomenactuallyseeawiderrangeofcolorsthanmendo Itissimplythatfinediscriminationsofthissortarerelevanttowomen svocabularies butnottomen s tomen whocontrolmostoftheinterestingaffairsoftheworld suchdistinctionsaretrivial irrelevant Part2 T4 Intheareaofsyntax wefindsimilargender relatedpeculiaritiesofspeech Thereisoneconstruction inparticular thatwomenuseconversationallyfarmorethanmen thetagquestion Atagismidwaybetweenanoutrightstatementandayes noquestion itislessassertivethantheformer butmoreconfidentthanthelatter Aflatstatementindicatesconfidenceinthespeaker sknowledgeandisfairlycertaintobebelieved aquestionindicatesalackofknowledgeonsomepointandimpliesthatthegapinthespeaker sknowledgecanandwillberemedied Part2 T5 byananswer Forexample if ataLittleLeaguegame Ihavehadmyglassesoff Icanlegitimatelyasksomeoneelse Wastheplayeroutatthird Atagquestion beingintermediatebetweenstatementandquestion isusedwhenthespeakerisstatingaclaim butlacksfullconfidenceinthetruthofthatclaim SoifIsay IsJoanhere Iwillprobablynotbesurprisedifmyrespondentanswers no butifIsay Joanishere isn tshe instead chancesareIamalreadybiasedinfavorofapositiveanswer wantingonlyconfirmation Istillwantaresponse butIhaveenoughknowledge orthinkIhave Part2 T6 topredictthatresponse Atagquestion then mightbethoughtofasastatementthatdoesn tdemandtobebelievedbyanyonebutthespeaker awayofgivingleeway ofnotforcingtheaddresseetogoalongwiththeviewsofthespeaker Anothercommonuseofthetagquestionisinsmalltalkwhenthespeakeristryingtoelicitconversation Sureishothere isn tit Butindiscussingpersonalfeelingsoropinions onlythespeakernormallyhasanywayofknowingthecorrectanswer Sentencessuchas Ihaveaheadache don tI areclearly Part2 T7 ridiculous Butthereareotherexampleswhereitisthespeaker sopinions ratherthanperceptions forwhichcorroborationissought asin ThesituationinSoutheastAsiaisterrible isn tit Whilethereare ofcourse otherpossibleinterpretationsofasentencelikethis onepossibilityisthatthespeakerhasaparticularanswerinmind yes or no butisreluctanttostateitbaldly Thissortoftagquestionismuchmoreapttobeusedbywomenthanbymeninconversation Whyisthisthecase Part2 T8 Thetagquestionallowsaspeakertoavoidcommitment andtherebyavoidconflictwiththeaddressee Theproblemisthat bysodoing speakersmayalsogivetheimpressionofnotreallybeingsureofthemselves orlookingtotheaddresseeforconfirmationoftheirviews Thisuncertaintyisreinforcedinmoresubliminalways too Thereisapeculiarsentenceintonation pattern usedalmostexclusivelybywomen asfarasIknow whichchangesadeclarativeanswerintoaquestion Theeffectofusingtherisinginflectiontypicalofayes noquestionistoimplythatthespeakerisseekingconfirmation eventhough Part2 T9 thespeakerisclearlytheonlyonewhohastherequisiteinformation whichiswhythequestionwasputtoherinthefirstplace Q Whenwilldinnerbeready A Oh aroundsixo clock Itisasthoughthesecondspeakerweresaying Sixo clock ifthat sokaywithyou ifyouagree Thepersonbeingaddressedisputinthepositionofhavingtoprovideconfirmation Onelikelyconsequenceofthissortofspeech patterninawomanisthat oftenunbeknownsttoherself the Part2 T10 speakerbuildsareputationoftentativeness andotherswillrefrainfromtakingherseriouslyortrustingherwithanyrealresponsibilities sinceshe can tmakeuphermind and isn tsureofherself Suchidiosyncrasiesmayexplainwhywomen slanguagesoundsmuchmore polite thanmen s Itispolitetoleaveadecisionopen notimposeyourmind orviews orclaims onanyoneelse Soatagquestionisakindofpolitestatement inthatitdoesnotforceagreementorbeliefontheaddressee Inthesamewayarequestisapolitecommand inthatitdoesnot Part2 T11 forceobedienceontheaddressee butrathersuggestssomethingbedoneasafavortothespeaker Aclearlystatedorderimpliesathreatofcertainconsequencesifitisnotfollowed and evenmoreimpolite impliesthatthespeakerisinasuperiorpositionandabletoenforcetheorder Bycouchingwishesintheformofarequest ontheotherhand aspeakerimpliesthatiftherequestisnotcarriedout onlythespeakerwillsuffer noncompliancecannotharmtheaddressee Sothedecisionisreallyleftuptotheaddressee Thedistinctionbecomesclearintheseexamples Part2 T12 Closethedoor Pleaseclosethedoor Willyouclosethedoor Willyoupleaseclosethedoor Won tyouclosethedoor Inthesamewaysaswordsandspeechpatternsusedbywomenunderminewomen simage thoseusedtodescribewomenmakemattersevenworse Oftenawordmaybeusedofbothmenandwomen andperhapsofthingsaswell butwhenitisappliedtowomen itassumesaspecialmeaningthat byimplicationratherthanoutrightassertion isderogatorytowomenasagroup Part2 T13 Theuseofeuphemismshasthiseffect Aeuphemismisasubstituteforawordthathasacquiredabadconnotationbyassociationwithsomethingunpleasantorembarrassing Butalmostassoonasthenewwordcomesintocommonusage ittakesonthesameoldbadconnotations sincefeelingsaboutthethingsorpeoplereferredtoarenotalteredbyachangeofname thusneweuphemismsmustbeconstantlyfound Thereisoneeuphemismforwomanstillverymuchalive Theword ofcourse islady Ladyhadamasculinecounterpart namelygentleman occasionallyshortenedtogent Butforsomereasonladyismuchcommonerthangent leman Part2 T14 Thedecisiontouseladyratherthanwomanorviceversa mayconsiderablyalterthesenseofthesentence asthefollowingexamplesshow a Awoman lady IknowisadeanatBerkeley b Awoman lady Iknowmakesamazingthingsoutofshoelacesandoldboxes Theuseofladyin a impartsafrivolous ornonserious tonetothesentence thematterunderdiscussionisnotoneofgreatmoment Similarly in b usingladyherewouldsuggestthatthespeakerconsideredthe amazingthings nottobe seriousart butmerelyahobbyoranaberration Ifwomanisused shemightbeaserioussculptor Tosayaladydoctorisverycondescending sincenooneeversaysgentlemandoctororevenmandoctor Forexample mentioninTheSanFranciscoChronicleofJanuary31 1972 ofMadalynMurrayO Hairastheladyatheistreducesherpositiontothatofscatterbrainedeccentric Evenwomanatheistisscarcelydefensible sexisirrelevanttoherphilosophicalposition Part2 T15 Part2 T16 Manywomenarguethat ontheotherhand ladycarrieswithitovertonesrecallingtheageofchivalry conferringexaltedstatureonthepersonsoreferredto Thismakesthetermseempoliteatfirst butwemustalsorememberthattheseimplicationsareperilous theysuggestthata lady ishelpless andcannotdothingsbyherself Ladycanalsobeusedtoinferfrivolousness asintitlesoforganizations Thosethathaveaseriouspurpose notmerelythatofenabling theladies tospendtimewithoneanother cannotusethewordladyintheirtitles butlessseriousones Part2 T17 may ComparetheLadiesAuxiliaryofamen sgroup ortheThursdayEveningLadies BrowningandGardenSocietywithLadies LiberationorLadies StrikeforPeace Whatiscuriousaboutthissplitisthatladyisinoriginaeuphemism asubstitutethatputsabetterfaceonsomethingpeoplefinduncomfortable forwoman Whatkindofeuphemismisitthatsubtlydenigratesthepeopletowhomitrefers Perhapsladyfunctionsasaeuphemismforwomanbecauseitdoesnotcontainthesexualimplicationspresentinwoman itisnot embarrassing inthatway Ifthisisso we Part2 T18 mayexpectthat inthefuture ladywillreplacewomanastheprimarywordforthehumanfemale sincewomanwillhavebecometooblatantlysexual Thatthisdistinctionisalreadymadeinsomecontextsatleastisshowninthefollowingexamples whereyoucantryreplacingwomanwithlady a She sonlytwelve butshe salreadyawoman b Aftertenyearsinjail Harrywantedtofindawoman c She smywoman see sodon tmessaroundwithher Part2 T19 Anothercommonsubstituteforwomanisgirl Oneseldomhearsamanpasttheageofadolescencereferredtoasaboy saveinexpressionslike goingoutwiththeboys whicharemeanttosuggestanairofadolescentfrivolityandirresponsibility Butwomenofallagesare girls onecanhaveaman notaboy Friday butonlyagirl neverawomanorevenalady Friday womenhavegirlfriends butmendonot inanonsexualsense haveboyfriends Itmaybethatthisuseofgirliseuphemisticinthesamewaytheuseofladyis instressingtheideaofimmaturity itremoves thesexualconnotationlurkinginwoman Girlbringstomindirresponsibility youdon tsendagirltodoawoman serrand oreven forthatmatter aboy serrand Sheisapersonwhoisbothtooimmatureandtoofarfromreallifetobeentrustedwithresponsibilitiesorwithdecisionsofanyseriousorimportantnature Nowlet stakeapairofwordswhich intermsofthepossiblerelationshipsinanearliersociety weresimplemale femaleequivalents analogoustobull cow Supposewefindthat forindependentreasons societyhaschangedinsucha Part2 T20 Part2 T21 waythattheoriginalmeaningsnowareirrelevant Yetthewordshavenotbeendiscarded buthaveacquirednewmeanings metaphoricallyrelatedtotheiroriginalsenses Butsupposethesenewmetaphoricalusesarenolongerparalleltoeachother Byseeingwheretheparallelismbreaksdown wediscoversomethingaboutthedifferentrolesplayedbymenandwomeninthisculture Onegoodexampleofsuchadivergencethroughtimeisfoundinthepair master mistress Onceusedwithreferencetoone spoweroverservants these wordshavebecomeunusabletodayintheiroriginalmaster servantsenseastherelationshiphasbecomelessprevalentinoursociety Butthewordsarestillcommon Unlessusedwithreferencetoanimals masternowgenerallyreferstoamanwhohasacquiredconsummateabilityinsomefield normallynonsexual Butitsfemininecounterpartcannotbeusedthisway Itispracticallyrestrictedtoitssexualsenseof paramour Westartoutwithtwoterms bothroughlyparaphrasableas onewhohaspoweroveranother Butthemasculineform onceonepersonisno Part2 T22 Part2 T23 longerabletohaveabsolutepoweroveranother becomesusablemetaphoricallyinthesenseof havingpoweroversomething Masterrequiresasitsobjectonlythenameofsomeactivity somethinginanimateandabstract Butmistressrequiresamasculinenouninthepossessivetoprecedeit Onecannotsay Rhondaisamistress Onemustbesomeone smistress Amanisdefinedbywhathedoes awomanbyhersexuality thatis intermsofoneparticularaspectofherrelationshiptomen ItisonethingtobeanoldmasterlikeHansHolbein andquiteanothertobeanoldmistress Part2 T24 Thesameistrueofthewordsspinsterandbachelor genderwordsfor onewhoisnotmarried Theresemblanceendswiththedefinition Whilebachelorisaneuterterm oftenusedasacompliment spinsternormallyisusedpejoratively withconnotationsofprissiness fussiness andsoon Tobeabachelorimpliesthatonehasthechoiceofmarryingornot andthisiswhatmakestheideaofabachelorexistenceattractive inpopularliterature Hehasbeenpursuedandhassuccessfullyeludedhispursuers Butaspinsterisonewhohasnotbeenpursued oratleastnotseriously Sheisold Part2 T25 unwantedgoods Themetaphoricalconnotationsofbachelorgenerallysuggestsexualfreedom ofspinster puritanismorcelibacy Theseexamplescouldbemultiplied Itisgenerallyconsideredafauxpas insociety tocongratulateawomanonherengagement whileitiscorrecttocongratulateherfianc Whyisthis Thereasonseemstobethatitisimpolitetoremindpeopleofthingsthatmaybeuncomfortabletothem Tocongratulateawomanonherengagementisreallytosay Thankgoodness Youhadaclosecall Fortheman onthe Part2 T26 otherhand therewasnosuchdanger Hischoosingtomarryisviewedasagoodthing butnotsomethingessential Thelinguisticdoublestandardholdsthroughoutthelifeoftherelationship Aftermarriage bachelorandspinsterbecomemanandwife notmanandwoman Thewomanwhosehusbanddiesremains John swidow John however isnever Mary swidower Finally whyisitthatsalesclerkandothersaresoquicktocallwomencustomers dear honey andothertermsofendearmenttheyreallyhavenobusinessusing Amale Part2 T27 customerwouldneverputupwithit Butwomen likechildren aresupposedtoenjoytheseendearments ratherthanbeingoffendedbythem Inmorewaysthanone it stimetospeakup LittleLeague agroupofbaseballclubsforchildrenoftwelveyearsoldandunder Before1974 LittleLeagueincludedonlyboys TheSanFranciscoChronicle thenameofadailynewspaperMadalynMurrayO Hair 1919 anAmericanlawyerLadies Auxiliary anorganizationwhichisusuallycomposedofthewivesanddaughtersofthemeninvolvedinthemainorimportantorganizationtowhichitisattached Itusuallyservesasasupport fund raisingandsocialorganization Notes Part2 TA Notes1 Part2 TA Notes2 ThursdayEveningLadies BrowningandGardenSociety ThisreferstoagroupofwomenwhometonThursdayeveningstodiscussElizabethBrowning spoetryandissuesofinteresteitheringardensoringardening Thepointoftheessay sreferenceistomarkagroupofwomenwithsuchashallowinterestinpoetrythattheyratherinappropriatelycombinedthisinterestwiththeirinterestingardensandgardening Thisdisjunctionsuggeststheywerewomenofleisurewithnothingbettertodothantomeetanddiscusstopicsaboutwhichtheymightknowlittle anduponthedevelopmentofwhichtheyhadlittleornoimpact Part2 TA Notes3 Friday IntheveryfamousEnglishnovelbyDanielDefoecalledTheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe Friday wasthenameofthenativemanwhobecameRobinsonCrusoe sassistantontheislandonwhichhewasshipwrecked Crusoeused his mantotakecareofmostofhisneedsand business ontheisland Byanalogy anassistanttoamanagerinanoffice onewhocouldtakecareofvariedneedsandhandletheboss sbusinesseffectively cametobeknownasa girlFriday Untilquiterecently advertisementsintheclassifiedsectionofmajordailynewspapershadlargesectionslookingfor girlFridays tohireasexecutiveassistants The Part2 TA Notes4 pointofthisreferenceindiscussionisthatanall roundassistant whentheassistantisviewedasmale isunderstoodtobeaman Afemale ofwhateverage whoisanofficeassistant iscalleda girl ora gal fauxpas French aslipofspeechoramistakeinsocialconductormannersTocongratulateawomanonherengagementisreallytosay Thankgoodness Youhadaclosecall InWesternsociety however ithasbeentraditionallyOKforamannottomarry Abachelor asingleman wascaredforbyhisservantsorbyhiredhelp or sometimesbyawidowedauntorunmarriedsister As Part2 TA Notes5 longashedidnotmarry heremainedan eligiblebachelor meaninghestillmightbecome acatch forawoman Butawomanwhodidnotmarry afteracertainage wasgenerallyconsidered anoldmaid Suchapersonwasviewedasonewhowasnotabletoattractaman onewhoselifewasthensorelyconstrictedsocia