GMAT OG13、OG12 RC部分复习资料.doc

The Official Guide for GMAT* Review 13th Edition7.4 Sample QuestionsEach of the reading comprehension questions is based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage answer all questions pertaining to it on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For each question, select the best answer of the choices given.LineBiologists have advanced two theories to explain why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species. Because schooling is particularly widespread among species of small fish, both theories assume that(5)schooling offers the advantage of some protection from predators.Proponents of theory A dispute the assumption that a school of thousands of fish is highly visible.Experiments have shown that any fish can be seen, (10)even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group, the spheres of visibility overlap. Thus the chance of a predator finding the school is only slightly greaterthan the chance of the predator finding a single fish(15)swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous to the individual fish because a predators chance of finding any particular fish swimming in the school is much smaller than its chance of finding at least one of the same group of fish if the fish were dispersed(20)throughout an area.However, critics of theory Apoint out that some fish form schools even in areas where predators are abundant and thus little possibility of escaping detection exists. They argue that the school continues(25)to be of value to its members even after detection.They advocate theory B, the confusion effect, which can be explained in two different ways.Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision(30)supposedly results from a predators preference for striking prey that is distinct from the rest of the school in appearance. In many schools the fish arealmost identical in appearance, making it difficult for a predator to select one. The second explanation for(35)the confusion effect has to do with the sensory confusion caused by a large number of prey moving around the predator. Even if the predatormakes the decision to attack a particular fish, the movement of other prey in the school can(40)be distracting. The predators difficulty can be compared to that of a tennis player trying to hit a tennis ball when two are approaching simultaneously.The Official Guide for GMAT* Review 13th EditionQuestions 1-3 refer to the passage above.1.According to the passage, theory B states that which of the following is a factor that enables a schooling fish to escape predators?(A) The tendency of fish to form compact groups (B) The movement of other fish within the school (C) The inability of predators to detect schools(D) The ability of fish to hide behind one another ina school(E) The great speed with which a school can disperse2.According to the passage, both theory A and theory Bhave been developed to explain how(A) fish hide from predators by forming schools(B) forming schools functions to protect fish from predators(C) schooling among fish differs from other protective behaviors(D) small fish are able to make rapid decisions(E) small fish are able to survive in an environment densely populated by large predators3.According to one explanation of the confusion effect, a fish that swims in a school will have greater advantages for survival if it(A) tends to be visible forno more than 200 meters (B) stays near either the front or the rear of a school (C) is part of a small school rather than a largeschool(D) is very similar in appearance to the other fish inthe school(E) is medium-sized4.The author is primarily concerned with(A) discussing different theories (B) analyzing different techniques (C) defending two hypotheses(D) refuting established beliefs(E) revealing new evidenceThe Official Guide for GMAT* Review 13th EditionLineEcoefficiency (measures to minimize environmentimpact through the reduction or elimination of wastefrom production processes) has become a goal forcompanies worldwide, with many realizing significant(5)cost savings from such innovations. Peter Senge andGoran Carstedt see this development as laudable butsuggest that simply adopting ecoefficiencyinnovations could actually worsen environmentalstresses in the future. Such innovations reduce(10)production waste but do not alter the number ofproducts manufactured nor the waste generatedfrom their use and discard; indeed, most companiesinvest in ecoefficiency improvements in order toincrease profits and growth. Moreover, there is no(15)guarantee that increased economic growth fromecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways,since in todays global markets, greater profits maybe turned into investment capital that could easily bereinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even(20)a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could,were it to grow much larger, generate more totalwaste and destroy more habitat and species thanwould a smaller, less ecoefficient economy. Sengeand Carstedt argue that to preserve the global(25)environment and sustain economic growth,businesses must develop a new systemic approachthat reduces total material use and total accumulatedwaste. Focusing exclusively on ecoefficiency, whichoffers a compelling business case according to(30)established thinking, may distract companies frompursuing radically different products and businessQuestions 1-3 refer to the passage above.5.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A)explain why a particular business strategy has been less successful than was once anticipated(B)propose an alternative to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage(C)present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuing a particular business strategy(D)make a case for applying a particular business strategy on a larger scale than is currently practiced(E)suggest several possible outcomes of companies failure to understand the economic impact of a particular business strategy6.The passage mentions which of the following as a possible consequence of companies realization of greater profits through ecoefficiency?(A)The companies may be able to sell a greater number of products by lowering prices.(B)The companies may be better able to attract investment capital in the global market.(C)The profits may be reinvested to increase economic growth through ecoefficiency.(D)The profits may be used as investment capital for industries that are not ecoefficient.(E)The profits may encourage companies to make further innovations in reducing production waste.7.4 Reading Comprehension Sample Questions7.The passage implies that which of the following is a possible consequence of a companys adoption of innovations that increase its ecoefficiehcy?(A)Company profits resulting from such innovations may be reinvested in that company with no guarantee that the company will continue to make further improvements in ecoefficiency.(B)Company growth fostered by cost savings from such innovations may allow that company to manufacture a greater number of products that will be used and discarded, thus worsening environmental stress.(C)A company that fails to realize significant cost savings from such innovations may have little incentive to continue to minimize the environmental impact of its production processes.(D)A company that comes to depend on such innovations to increase its profits and growth may be vulnerable in the global market to competition from old-style eco-inefficient industries.(E)A company that meets its ecoefficiency goals is unlikely to invest its increased profits in the development of new and innovative ecoefficiencymeasures.10The Official Guide for GMAT* Review 12th EditionLineA recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth(5)fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.(10)In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two(15)extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider(20)most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivoresin particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.(25)Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.Questions 4-8 refer to the passage above.4.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A)present several explanations for a well-known fact(B)suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate(C)argue in favor of a controversial theory(D)question the methodology used in a study(E)discuss the implications of a research finding5.According to the passage, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area(A)included the same species, in approximately the same proportions(B)had a similar frequency of tooth fractures (C)populated the La Brea area more densely (D)consumed their prey more thoroughly(E)found it harder to obtain sufficient prey6.According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by(A)the aging process in individual carnivores(B)contact between the fossils in the pits(C)poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pits(D)the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of their prey(E)the impact of carnivores teeth against thebones of other carnivores during fights over kills117.4 Reading Comprehension Sample Questions7.The researchers conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that(A)the older an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures(B)the average age at death of a present-day carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore(C)in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individuals(D)the methods used to determine animals ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals(E)data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores8.According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded that(A)the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossil remains in the La Brea pits(B)the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pits(0Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect to consumption of carcasses(D)all Pleistocene carnivore species differed behaviorally from present-day carnivore species(E)predator densities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high12(45)cannot be found again and become as inaccessibleas if they had never been discovered. Indeed, withthe help of a computer, sold artifacts could be moreaccessible than are the pieces stored in bulgingmuseum basements. Prior to sale, each could be(50)photographed and the list of the purchasers couldbe maintained on the computer. A purchaser couldeven be required to agree to return the piece if itshould become needed for scientific purposes.It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal(55)digging would stop if artifacts were sold on theopen market. But the demand for the clandestineproduct would be substantially reduced. Who wouldwant an unmarked pot when another was availablewhose provenance was known, and that was dated(60)stratigraphically by the professional archaeologistwho excavated it?The Official Guide for GMAT Review 13th EditionLineArchaeology as a profession faces two majorproblems. First, it is the poorest of the poor.Only paltry sums are available for excavating andeven less is available for publishing the results(5)and preserving the sites once excavated. Yetarchaeologists deal with priceless objects every day.Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation,resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to thehighest bidder.(10)I would like to make an outrageoussuggestion that would at one stroke providefunds for archaeology and reduce the amountof illegal digging. I would propose that scientificarchaeological expeditions and governmental(15)authorities sell excavated artifacts on the openmarket. Such sales would provide substantialfunds for the excavation and preservation ofarchaeological sites and the publication of results.At the same time, they would break the illegal(20)excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasingthe inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate toacquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancientartifacts are part of our global cultural heritage,(25)which should be available for all to appreciate, notsold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing thathas unique artistic merit or scientific value. But,you might reply, everything that comes out of theground has scientific value. Here we part company.(30)Theoretically, you may be correct in claimingthat every artifact has potential scientific value.Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels andancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of(35)one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus,archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtuallyindistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard.Even precious royal seal impressions known asImelekh handles have been found in abundance(40)more than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply notlarge enough to store the artifacts that are likelyto be discovered in the future. There is not enoughmoney even to catalog the finds; as a result, they137.4 Reading Comprehension Sample Questions8.The primary purpose of the passage is to propose(A)an alternative to museum display of artifacts(B)a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession(C)a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value(D)the governmental regulation of archaeological sites(E)a new system for cataloging duplicate artifacts9.The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT(A)a market for such artifacts already exists(B)such artifacts seldom have scientific value(C)there is likely to be a continuing supply of such artifacts(D)museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts(E)such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already cataloged in museum collections10.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?(A)Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.(B)Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.(C)Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.(D)Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.(E)Such artifacts often remain uncataloged and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.147.4 Reading Comprehension Sample QuestionsLinelo and Europa, the innertwo of Jupiters fourlargest moons, are about the size of Earths moonand are composed mostly or entirely of rock andmetal. Ganymede and Callisto are larger and roughly(5)half ice. Thus, these four moons are somewhatanalogous to the planets of the solar system, in whichthe rock- and metal-rich inner planets are distinct fromthe much larger gas- and ice-rich outer planets.Jupiters moons are, however, more systematic:(10)many of their properties vary continuously withdistance from Jupiter. For example, lo is ice-free,Europa has a surface shell of ice, and whileGanymede and Callisto are both ice-rich, outermostCallisto has more.(15)This com