浅析建筑工程的造价管理.doc

/ /浅析建筑工程的造价管理Shallow of construction project cost management摘要：工程造价管理即在工程投标阶段、设计阶段和施工以及竣工阶段，对工程的成本进行控制和科学管理，并且造价师根据工程的进展情况和所掌握的信息，及时发现并纠正 工程中的偏差，保证工程投资目标的实现。造价管理过程是集技术、经济、管理于一体的综合性的工作。但是工程造价最有效的和最复杂的管理阶段是施工阶段，因此必须加强施工阶段的造价管理，并且造价师要实地调查施工现场，考察造价的实际可行性和科学合理性程度。因此，在工程建筑中需要对投资管理给予足够的重视，为了实现投资管理目标，建设单位必须制定有效的对策和措施。同时要加强对施工阶段施工现场的调查，做好这一阶段的造价管理工作。Pick to: the engineering cost management in the project bidding phase, design phase and construction and completion phase, the engineering cost control and scientific management, and the division according to the progress of project and cost information, timely discover and correct the deviation in engineering, ensure to achieve the goal of engineering investment. Cost management process is a set of technical, economic, management in a bodys comprehensive work. But the project cost is the most effective and the most complex management phase of the construction phase, so must strengthen the cost management of construction stage, and the cost of the construction site to on-the-spot investigation, examining the actual scientific rationality and feasibility of cost. Investment management in engineering construction, therefore, need to give enough attention, investment management in order to achieve the goal, the construction unit must make effective countermeasures and measures. At the same time should strengthen the construction phase of the construction site investigation, to do a good job of this phase of the cost management. 关键词：造价管理；落后；原因；施工现场；改进对策Key words: cost management; Backward; The reason; The construction site; Improvement countermeasures 在我国工程建设行业的改革趋势下，现代化的投资者和管理者在建筑工程的资金管理方式上有了很大的改进，建设工程的造价管理也发生了很大的改变。对资金的管理状况直接影响企业的经营效益，因而在工程开始和施工以及竣工阶段，对工程的成本制定合理的资金利用计划，就显得尤其重要。这正是造价管理的主要内容。而在造价管理中，实际中的管理难点正是在施工过程中，也即对施工现场的各种活动的造价及造价管理。Under the trend of the reform of the engineering construction industry in our country, modernization of investors and managers in construction project funds management mode had greatly improved, the construction project cost management is also great changes have taken place. Situation in the management of funds directly affects the enterprise the management benefit, so at the beginning of the project and the construction and completion phase, the project cost reasonable funds use plan, is particularly important. This is the main content of cost management. In the cost management, the difficulty is in the process of construction, to the management of the activities of the construction site of the cost and cost management. 我国建筑工程造价管理落后的原因Construction engineering cost management in our country lags behind 建筑工程造价在我国长期存在概算超估算.预算超概算.结算超预算的现象，严重困扰着建筑工程投资效益管理。现就目前建筑工程造价中存在的问题，结合工作实践，简单的分析了这种现状的原因。Construction project cost in our country long-standing budget estimation. The budget estimate. The phenomenon of settlement over budget, plagued by serious investment benefit management of construction projects. Regarding the current problems existing in the construction project cost, combined with work practice, simple analysis of the causes of this situation. 1.计价模式相对较为落后1. The pricing mode are relatively backward 受到历史发展因素的限制，我国一直采用的是前苏联的计划经济模式，定额计价是工程计价采用的主要模式，但是其相对来说，较为耗时，容易导致定额落后，这就要求我们Restricted by historical development factors, has been adopted in our country is in the former Soviet union mode of planned economy, quota valuation is to use the main mode of engineering pricing, but its relatively speaking, more time consuming, easy to cause the norm, this requests us 必须根据现代经济的发展模式，树立动态管理模式，实行清单计价的方式。Must according to the development of modern economic model, sets up the dynamic management mode, implement list valuation way. 2. 市场竞争机制不够公平2. Not quite fair market competition mechanism 受到我国国情现状的影响，我国的投资主体以国有投资为主，政府相关部门对市场Influenced by the situation of our country present situation, investment subject is given priority to with state investment in our country, the relevant government departments to the market 价格的影响相对较大，同时受到行业保护.地方保护.暗箱操作等现象的影响，我国的建筑The influence of price is opposite bigger, at the same time under the protection of the industry. Local protection. The phenomenon such as black-box operation, the influence of the construction of our country 市场相当的混乱，秩序杂乱无章，没有一个相对公平合理的环境，无法形成科学的竞争管理机制。Order of the market is quite chaos, chaotic, without a relatively fair environment, can form the competition of science management mechanism. 3.管理法规不够健全3. Management and imperfect laws and regulations 我国的建筑行业法律法规正在逐渐完善中，但是其相对而言，变动性较大，受到人为Laws and regulations of construction industry in our country is gradually perfect, but its relatively larger volatility, are artificially 因素影响的几率较高，存在着严重的实践问题，同时，我国的法律制度普遍存在着“有法不依，执法不严”的现象，这就要求加强行业建设，促进立法的执行，增强行业人员的法律意识，提高法律意识，这是实现我国工程造价管理质量提升的关键。Risk factors is higher, there are serious practical problems, at the same time, our countrys legal system is generally exist in the phenomenon of impotence, law enforcement is lax, which requires the strengthening the construction of industry, to promote the execution of the legislation, strengthen legal consciousness of the personnel, improve the legal consciousness, which is the key to the realization of engineering cost management in our country quality improvement. 4.从业人员的素质不足4. Lack of staffs quality 我国工程造价从业管理人员的专业素质较低，从组成人员的现状分析，我们可以发现，正规工程造价专业毕业的人员屈指可数，而我国的造价师执业资格考试尚处于起步阶Chinas engineering cost management personnels professional quality is low, from the component members of the present situation analysis, we can find that the formal project cost professional graduates are numbered, and the division qualification test cost in our country is still in the initial order 段，尽管近年来我国的工程造价师数量有了一定的增长，但是相对而言，相对比例较小，这都严重制约了我国工程造价管理行业的发展。Paragraph, although in recent years, our countrys engineering division has a certain number of cost growth, but relative to character, the ratio is small, it is seriously restricting the development of engineering cost management industry in China. 二.造价管理难点施工现场2. Cost management difficulty, the construction site 建筑工程中的造价管理重点和难点都在施工阶段，也即施工现场各项活动的管理上，这一阶段的造价管理，不同于其他阶段的管理，需要工程造价师进行实际的考察，并且要求他们在制定工程造价时，既要节约成本，又要保证工程的质量和进度。因而这一时期是造价工程最复杂的阶段。 这一时期主要的管理对象包括：工程施工时的造价目标的制定.采用材料的造价.施工的人员组织配备等方面。概括说来，这一阶段应该主要从以下几个方面加强管理：Construction project cost management in the important and difficult in construction stage, which is the construction site activities on the management of this phase of the cost management, different from the other stages of management, need engineering division should investigate the actual cost, and ask them to set up the project cost, both to save costs, and to ensure the engineering quality and progress. Therefore this period is the most complicated stage of engineering cost. This period the main object of management include: engineering cost of construction. Adopt the material cost. Construction personnel organization, etc. In general, this phase should strengthen management mainly from the following several aspects: 研讨施工合同的科学与合理性。只有认真研讨工程合同，才能保证工程按照合同双方的要求进行，避免不必要的纠纷给双方造成的利益损失。On science and rationality of the construction contract. Only serious discussion engineering contract, to ensure project to be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the contract both sides, to avoid unnecessary disputes caused by the bilateral benefit loss. 2.科学调配人员，记录工程中的实际资金利用。 造价师要在现场调查施工进度，提出合理的建议和科学的工作标准，加强与预算人员配合，做好工程量的实际成本记录，以便于查缺补漏，及时调整造价。2. Scientific deployment of personnel, records of actual money use in engineering. Division to investigation at the scene construction progress and cost put forward reasonable Suggestions and scientific work standards, strengthen budget and personnel, make a record of quantities of actual cost, in order to check 20, timely adjust the cost. 3.监督工程是否严格按照设计进行。在建筑施工时，造价师要监督现场的施工与原计划的契合程度，及时根据计划的变化调整造价的管理。当然，施工时应该尽量避免原 设计计划的变更，否则将会带来一系列的后续问题，使造价管理更加复杂。3. Construction supervision is in strict accordance with the design. In building construction, cost division to supervise the construction and fit of the original plan, timely according to the change of plan to adjust cost management. And, of course, the construction should try to avoid change in the original design plan, otherwise will bring a series of subsequent problems, makes cost management more complicated. 4.对建筑材料的价格造价控制。这使造价管理十分重要的一个方面，也是可以取得很大成绩的方面。在进行这方面的工作时，造价师要科学的制定材料造价预算，并且结合市场调研，选择性价比高的材料。同时，在材料的使用以及维护及保养.存放方面，造价师也要制定出合理的成本控制计划。4. To control the construction cost of the materials price. This makes part of the cost management is very important, also can make great achievements. In this work, the division to scientific developing materials cost budget, cost and market research, choose cost-effective material. At the same time, in the use of material as well as maintenance and maintenance. To store, cta, also want to make a plan and reasonable cost control. 三.改进对策3. Improvement countermeasures 建设工程造价管理贯穿于工程的全过程，将工程造价控制在合理的范围，能够促进资金效益的提升。工程造价管理不仅是经济的问题，同时涉及到技术与管理，是一门综合性较强的学科。工程的造价水平有时候会直接影响工程投资的效益，并且在一定程度上反映出工程建设的质量与管理水平，必须将工程造价管理作为工程管理的核心，才能实现降低工程成本，提升经济效益的目的。针对如何提高造价管理水平，笔者提出了系列几条建议：Construction project cost management throughout the whole process of project, project cost control in the reasonable scope, and can promote capital efficiency improvement. Project cost management is not only an economic problem, at the same time, involved in technology and management, is a comprehensive strong discipline. Level of project cost sometimes will directly affect the efficiency of project investment, and to a certain extent, reflects the quality and management level of engineering construction, engineering cost management must be at the core of project management, to achieve lower engineering cost, raise economic benefits. On how to improve the level of cost management, the author puts forward the series a few Suggestions: 1.建立科学的工程造价管理体系。1. To establish scientific project cost management system. 国际上许多国家工程造价管理经验表明,建立科学的管理体系,实行科学管理是工程造价管理的成功所在,因此在我国的工程造价管理改革中,应逐步建立起完整的科学管理体系。建立科学管理体系应包括如下方面:建立工程造价信息库并建立多渠道的信息发布体系;大力发展工程造价管理咨询服务业;建立和完善造价工程师执业资格制度;加强计算机技术的应用。Engineering cost management in many countries on the international experience shows that to establish scientific management system, scientific management is the success of the project cost management, so the project cost management reform in our country, should be gradually established a complete system of scientific management. Set up scientific management system should include the following aspects: to establish the project cost information and to establish a multi-channel information publishing system; To develop the engineering cost management consulting services; Establish and improve the system of cost engineer qualification; Strengthen the application of computer technology. 2.引进新理念,促进观念更新。2. The introduction of new ideas, and promote the concept update. 在我国的工程施工阶段的工程造价管理工作中,往往由于业主和承包商之间作为完全对立的利益主体,在有关经济活动中矛盾突出,虽然有各种相关的计价规定.定额和管理办法等,但对文件的解释和理解难达成共识,合作关系紧张,给工程结算管理带来了许多困难。In our countrys engineering construction stage engineering cost management work, often because of the opposite between the owner and the contractor as the interests of the main body, the contradiction in economic activities related, although there are a variety of related accounting regulations. Norm and management approach etc., but the interpretation and understanding of file is difficult to reach a consensus, cooperation relations, to the engineering settlement management has brought many difficulties. 3.转变造价管理部门职能,改变管理方式。3. Changing the function of cost management, change management way. 首先,工程造价管理主体应加以明确,工程造价管理部门的管理范围和管理职能,应该是全面的.专业的.深入到建筑市场造价范围内各个经济活动过程中去,它与主管合同立约前负责招投标的管理部门是相辅相成的,台前台后协同管理的。招投标管理部门主要管市场.业主.设计.施工队伍的准入市场的行为,而造价管理部门则管合同的计价方法.造价条款.First of all, the engineering cost management subject should be clear, the scope of management of engineering cost management department and management function, should be comprehensive. Professional. Go deep into the various economic activities within the area of construction cost of the market process, it made a covenant with competent contract management department is responsible for the bidding before complement each other, front of collaborative management behind the podium. Bidding market management main pipe. The owner. Design. Construction team access to the markets behavior, while cost management department contract pricing method. Cost terms. 市场价格信息.造价中介咨询机构和队伍等等。就目前状况看,由于我国市场经济还处在初级阶段市场运作机制发育还很不完善,放开价格,由市场定价还须相当一段时间。但我们必须从改革.发展的角度看定额,它要变.要改.要符合建筑市场的发展。Market price information. Cost of intermediary consulting agencies and staff, etc. Right now, because our country is still in its primary stage of market economy development, market mechanism is imperfect, the opening price, pricing by market is must be quite some time. Development but we must from the reform. The point of view of the quota, it will be changed. To change. To meet the development of construction market. 4.培养一支德才兼备的高素质工程造价队伍4. To develop a team having both ability and political integrity of high-quality engineering cost 工程造价管理是一门综合性的学科，它涉及到技术.经济.法规及管理知识，这就要求工程造价人员不仅要具有较强的财务预算能力，还应当具备一定的工程设计知识和施工经验，以及材料与机械施工技术等综合性的科学知识，这样才能在工程量计算时不重不漏。同时，更要具备较强的敬业责任心和高尚的行业道德。特别是在市场经济体制逐步完善.投资趋势多元化的形势下，迫切需要一批为项目提供科学决策依据和对工程造价管理的高素质人员，这就要求工程造价人员通过各种渠道学习新知识，并在工作实践中发挥自身的工作主动性，不断创新，提高自身的预算技术水平和素质。目前我国已对工程造价人员实行执业资格的准入制度，并相继出台了有关具体的规定，工程造价人员应尽快提高素质，适应市场经济的需求。Project cost management is a comprehensive discipline, it involves technology. Economy. Regulations and management knowledge, this requires project cost personnel should not only has the strong ability of financial budget, should also have a certain knowledge of engineering design and construction experience, as well as the materials and construction technology of machinery, such as the comprehensive knowledge o