动词的种类.doc

动词的种类动词主要分作下面几类：及物动词（Transitive Verbs）不及物动词（Intransitive Verbs）兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词（Ergative Verbs）双宾动词（Ditransive Verbs）成语动词（Phrasal Verbs）系动词（Link-Verbs）助动词和情态动词（Auxiliary Verbs and Modal Verbs）及物动词1）这类动词通常都跟有宾语，如：(1)She committed a serious error. 她犯了一个严重的错误。(2)They were busy making artificial flowers. 他们在忙着做纸花。(3)The child needed constant attention. 这孩子需要经常照顾。(4)Where did you put the key? 你把钥匙放哪儿了？这类动词很多，常见的如：achieve address admire affect afford avoidblame buildbuy carry catch claimcommit complete concern control convince correctcover create cut damage defy demanddescribedesign desire destroy discover discussdisplaydread enjoy equal exchange expectexperienceexpress favor fear finefreeget give grant guard handle hatehave heat hire include influenceintroduceissuejustifylack likelistlovelower maintainmake meanmention needplant preferprevent produce pronounce protectprovideraisereceive recommend record releaseremove respectreveal risk shock spotsupportteasetest threaten trustupsetuse valuewant wastewelcome2）有些及物动词以表示人的名词或代词作宾语：(1)Ill contact you as soon as I arrive. 我一到就会和你联系。(2)Her attitude surprised me. 她的态度使我吃惊。(3)He often teased his sister.他常常逗他的妹妹。(4)Her words comforted the sobbing child. 她的话给了那哭泣的孩子以安慰。常见的这类动词如：anger brief comfort contact frighten interestshock suit surprise tease thank warn3）还有些及物动词和一个介词短语或副词连用：(1)Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。(2)This song reminded me of my childhood. 这首歌使我想起来童年。(3)I couldnt rid myself of this melancholy mood. 我无法摆脱这种忧郁的情绪。(4)He promised to treat us to dinner. 他答应请我们吃饭。常见的这类短语有：accustomto aquaintwith attributeto baseon(upon)bringwith craminto compareto condemntoconfineto conveyto dedicateto deprivetodirectto divideintoengravewith entrusttoincorporateintojotdown lavishon likentomistakefor oweto pointat (to) presentto(with)preventfrom regardas remindof returntoridof robof sendto subjecttosupplywith (to)treatto trustwithviewas4）有几个及物动词可以和许多名词一道表示动作，这类动词称为虚意动词（Delexical Verbs），最常见的是下面几个：have 可以跟：bath bathe celebrationchat conversationcrydance discussion dislike dispute dream drinkfear fight interview laugh lie looklove quarrel read respectrest row（争吵）run scene sleep smoke success swimtalk try walk wash win wishgive可以跟：account advice analysis answer approval beatingblow chuckle clean consentconsiderationcrydry gasp giggle glance grin groanhint hug injection jump kick kissknocklaugh lecture looknod noticepolish pull punch push reading reportring scream shock shout sigh sketchsmile squeeze start summary support talkthought warning wash welcometake可以跟：action bath break care chance chargecontrol effect examination exercise grip inspectionlead lift look nap note noticeoath offence pity place power priderevenge risk seat shape sip standstep trip troubleturn vocation viewvote walkmake可以跟：advance answer apology appeal appearancearrangement arrest appointment attack attemptchange choice comment comparison concessionconfession deal decisiondemand distinctioneffort enquiry examinationexcuse experimentexplanationflight fussguess goinspectioninvestigationlovemention movenoiseobjection proposalprotestpreparationsprogresspromise purchaserecoveryreferenceremarkreplyresolutionsacrificescenesearchslip startstatementstudysuccesssuggestion tripvisit相关用法的例句可查阅现代英语用法词典。5）动词do可以跟许多名词作宾语，意思随后面的名词而变化：(1)Go and do your hair. 去梳梳头。(2)Have you done your teeth? 你刷牙了吗？(3)She was doing the dishes. 她在洗盘子。(4)Can you do the room now? 你现在能房间了吗？(5)When are you to do the windows? 你什么时候擦窗子？(6)He found her doing the flowers. 他发现她在插花。(7)Do they do science at school? 他们在学校学科学课程吗？(8)Hes learning to do sums. 他在学做算术题。(9)The group is doing Macbeth. 这个剧团在演麦克佩斯。(10)We did two concerts last week. 上星期我们听了两场音乐会。(11)Have you done the Tower? 你参观伦敦塔了吗？(12)We did Spain in two weeks. 我们在西班牙游览了两周。(13)He does seventy-five on the freeway. 在高速公路上他开车时速为七十五英里。(14)We did the journey in six hours. 路上我们走了六小时。(15)He did ten years for armed robbery. 他因持枪抢劫入狱十年。(16)The barber will do you next. 理发师下一个将给你理。(17)He does his guests well. 他把客人招待得很好。(18)That shopkeeper did me. 那个商店老板骗了我。(19)He has done an excellent article. 他写了一篇精彩的文章。(20)She did some pretty sketches. 她画了几张漂亮的素描。(21)Jane did most of the talking. 大部分时间是简在说话。(22)Who does the cooking? 谁做饭？(23)Shes doing her knitting. 她在织毛线。不及物动词1）这类动词都不跟宾语，例如：(1)I itch all over.我浑身发痒。(2)She flushed and made no answer. 她脸红了，没有回答。(3)When did it happen? 这事什么时候发生的？(4)He was shivering all over. 他浑身发抖。下面这些动词通常作不及物动词：ache appear arisebelong blush collapsecome cough crawl creep cry decaydepart deterioratedie dine disappear dozedrifteconomize elapseerupt evaporate exist expire faintfall flourishflowgallopgleam glidego growl happen hesitatehowl itchkneel laugh lie livemoan occurpause persistplunge prosperquiver remainriseroar scream shiversigh sitslipsmile snarlsneezesnore soarsob sparkle stinkspringstrollsubsidesulk swim throbtravelvanish vibrate waver weep yawn2）有些动词在多数情况下用作vi.（不及物动词），间或用作vt.（及物动词），这时意思不同：用作vi. 用作vt.She doesnt run fast.她跑得不快。She runs a store. 她经营一家商店。They advanced 40 miles. 他们推进了40英里。 He advanced a new theory. 他提出了一个新理论。The sun is shining. 阳光灿烂。Shine your shoes. 把你的皮鞋擦一擦。Why are you crying? 你为什么哭。 She cried herself to sleep. 她哭着哭着睡着了。还有少数动词通常作vi.，但可跟同源宾语，如laugh，smile，sleep，live等词都如此。3）还有些动词经常和某个介词连用，如：(1)The plan depends on the weather. 这计划得靠天气决定。(2)She objected to the idea. 她反对这个主意。(3)Dont refer to that matter again. 不要再提此事。(4)I care very little for fame now. 我现在对名气不怎么在乎。常见的这类结构有：abound in (with) adhere to alternate withamount toappeal toaspire for assent toassociate withbelieve in belong to bow to care forcling to complain of conform to consist of (in)content with contribute todepend on dictate todifferentiate betweenembark on emerge from end with (in)feed on flirt withhint at hope forhunger after (for)improve on indulge in insist onlead to learn of listen tolong forobject to plot against prevail on profit by (from)refer to relate to rely on resort toresult in shrink from strive forsuffer fromsympathize with think of tire oftrample onwait for (on) yearn for兼作及物和不及物动词的词英语中大部分动词都既可作vt.，也可作vi.，只能作一种动词而不能作另一种动词的是少数兼作两种动词的情况很多，大致上有下面这些情况：1）用于一个意义时为vt.，用于另一个意义时为vi.：用作vt. 用作vi.Happy to meet you. 见到你很高兴。 When shall we meet? 我们何时碰头？Mind the dog. 当心有狗。Im sure he wont mind. 我肯定他不会在意。She couldnt stand the cold. 她受不了严寒。 Dont stand in the rain. 别站在雨里。Dont move my things. 别动我的东西。 The train is moving now. 火车开动了。Smoking hurts you. 吸烟对你有害。 My head hurts. 我头疼。He hanged himself in sorrow. 在悲痛中他悬梁 Her portrait hangs over the mantel piece.自尽。 她的画像挂在壁炉台上方。They beat him unconscious. 他们把他打得不省 Her heart was beating violently.人事。 她的心猛烈地跳动着。Please pass me the salt.请把盐递给我。The winter finally passed. 冬天终于过去了。因此，在学某一个具体的动词时，要经常注意它在什么时候用作vt.，什么时候用作vi.。2）有些动词在意思基本上不变的情况下，有时用作vt.，有时用作vi.，例如：用作vt. 用作vi.Can you help me? 你能帮我吗？ Every little helps. （谚）积少成多。Tigers eat meat. 老虎吃肉。 We eat at six. 我们六点吃饭。She isnt going to marry him. 她不准备嫁他。Dont marry in haste. 不要匆忙结婚。Sing us a song, please. 请给我们唱一支歌。Whos singing there? 谁在那儿唱歌？She speaks good English. 她英文讲得很好。 Who is speaking? 谁在讲话？Shes typing a letter. 她在打一封信。Shes typing. 她在打字。Who wrote the poem? 这诗谁写的？ He writes very well. 他文笔很好。Shes studying medicine. 她在学医。She studies hard. 她学习很用功。在学每一个英语动词时都要注意在意思大体上不变的情况下是否既可作vt.，又可作vi.。3）有些动词通常作及物动词，但有时宾语不必讲出（从上下文中可以看出），因此也就成了不及物动词，如：(1)His father came yesterday.Yes, I know （it）.他父亲昨天来了。是的，我知道。(2) Im sure she didnt notice (it). 我肯定她没注意（此事）。(3)Oh, yes. Now I remember (it). 啊，是的。我想起来了。(4)“Whats his name?” “I forgot (it).” “他叫什么名字？”“我忘了。”(5)He aimed at the black spot and missed (it). 他瞄准黑点但没击中。(6)Why didnt you answer (me). 你为什么不回答(我)？(7)He didnt understand (it) very well. 他很不理解。(8)Who won (the game)? 谁赢了比赛？4）还有些动词可作vt.，也可作vi.，后面可跟介词短语：作vt. 作vi.Ill fight you. 我来和你打。 They fight with each other. 他们互相斗殴。England is playing Australia. 英国对阵澳David played against Louise. 大卫和路易斯比大利亚。赛。He wandered the streets. 他在街上漫步。 They wandered in the park. 他们在公园里漫步。Will you check the figures? 你要不要把数字 First check on your answers. 先核对一下你的答核对一遍。 案。Shes walking the street. 她在街上行走。She walked along (through) the street. 她沿着那条街走。He ruled Britain for 60 years. 他统治英国达He ruled over the empire for a long time. 他长 六十年。 期统治这个帝国。The whole nation mourned his death. 全国哀We mourn for our fallen officers and men. 我们他的逝世。 为阵亡的将士哀伤。Zilla mocked him as a country boy. 齐拉嘲笑He mocked at my pronunciation. 他嘲笑我的他是个乡下孩子。 发音。这种现象值得注意。5）有些动词，随着主语不同而可用作vt.或vi.，例如：作vt. 作vi.The continual strain aged her. 持续的劳累使 Hes ag(e)ing fast. 他老得很快。她衰老。He began a series of experiments. 他开始了 When does the play begin? 戏什么时候开始？一连串的试验。Boil the potatoes for 20 minutes. 把土豆煮 The water is boiling. 水开了。20 分钟。Take care not to break it. 小心别把它打破了。 Brittle things break easily. 脆的东西容易破碎。这类动词很多，常见的如：age bake begin bend boil breakburn burst change close continue cookcrack darken decrease disperse double drowndry emptyend finishfly growimprove increase meet openpark roastrock rotrun sail shake shattershow shrinkshut slow soundspinsplitspreadstand startstick stopstretchswing tear thicken turn widen双宾动词1）有不少动词后面可以跟两个宾语，前面为间接宾语，后面为直接宾语：主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语They granted us a loan.I will lend you my typewriter.We owed him 100 dollars. Hand me the timetable.间接宾语有时可以放到后面去，不过前面要加介词to，如：They granted a loan to us.Ill lend my typewriter to you.We owed 100 dollars to him.Hand the timetable to me.常见的这类动词有：accord advance award bring deal forward give grant band lease leave lendloan mail offer owe pass payplay post read rent repay sellsend serve show sing take teachtellwrite2）另有一批动词，也可跟两个宾语，但把间接宾语放在后部时，要改为由for引导的短语，如：跟两个宾语 包含for引导的短语Sing us a song, please.Please sing a song for us.Father bought me a camera. Father bought a camera for me.Fetch me the evening paper. Fetch the evening paper for me.Play us some light music. Play some light music for us.这类动词常见的有：book bring build buy cook cutdesign fetch find fix get leavemake mix order paint pick playprepare reservesave set singspare3）还有少数动词也跟两个宾语，但很少把间接宾语放到句子后面去：(1) Ill never forgive you that lie. 我永远不会原谅你那次撒谎。(2) I wish you good luck. 祝你好运。(3) I envy you your health. 我羡慕你的好身体。(4) How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢问我这样的问题？(5) She didnt want to cause you any inconvenience. 她不想给你造成不便。(6) The hotel charged me ?15 for a room for the night. 旅馆这一晚收了我15英镑的房钱。(7) That suit cost me over ?60. 那套衣服花了我60多英镑。(8) They denied the prisoner all freedom. 他们不给那囚犯任何自由。(9) I want you to promise me one thing. 我要求你答应我一件事。(10) She cant refuse him anything. 她不能拒绝他任何事情。成语动词有时两个词或三个词在一起构成一个成语，作用和一个单一动词差不多，称为成语动词。这种动词主要有下面四类：1） 不及物动词+副词：The war broke out in 1939. 战争于1939年爆发。She didnt want to fall behind in her studies. 她不愿意学习落后。How did the accident come about? 这事故是怎样发生的?The wind has died down a bit. 风平息了一点。常见的这类动词有：back away back down back off boil over break awaybreak out check up close in cloud over come aboutcome apart come on come around come up cool offcrop up cut in die away die down die outdoze off drag on drop back drop by drop outcase up fade away fall apart fall behind fall throughfight back flare up fool around forge ahead get aboutget along get up give in go ahead go alonggo away go on go out go up grow uphang together hit out hold on let up lie backlie down look ahead look back look in make offmelt away move off move over own up pass awaypress ahead press on push ahead push on ring offrun away run out rush in set in settle downshop around sit back sit down speak up stand backstart out stay on stay up step aside step downstep in stop by stop off stop over touch downwatch out wear off2） 不及物动词+介词：(1) He could not account for his absence from school. 他无法解释他为什么缺课。(2) I called on her this morning. 今早我拜访了她。(3) I ran across her in the library yesterday. 昨天我在图书馆碰到了她。(4) Youd better wait and watch for a better chance. 你最好等等，留心更好的机会。常见的这类成语动词有：abide by account for allow for ask after bank onbreak into break with bump into burst into call forcall on care for come across come by come forcome into come to come upon count on dawn ondeal with dispose of draw on drive at dwell onembark on enter into fall into feel for frown uponget at get into get over go about go forhead for hit on jump at keep to laugh atleap at live for live off look after look intolook to make for meet with part with pick atplan for play at play on provide for reason withreckon on run across run into see to seize onset about stand for stem from stick at take aftertrifle with wait for wait on watch for有些不及物动词可以跟副词也可以跟介词构成成语动词：不及物动