动词不定式用法小结.doc

动词不定式用法小结 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to动词原形”，其中to不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。 一. 作主语 例如：To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。 To learn English well is not easy.学好英语不容易。 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语动词不定式（短语）放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为： It is hard to be a doctor. It is not easy to learn English well. 如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介词for引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。例： Its good for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语： 动词不定式（短语）作表语常用于系词be的后面。例： His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式（短语）可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin,start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例：eg:They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。 Dont forget to lock the door. 别忘了锁门。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow? 明天和我们一起去野餐好吗？ *如果and连接两个动词不定式，第二个动词不定式一般省“to”例：（1）He wants to go and have a swim with us. 他想和我们一起去游泳。 （2）若作宾语的动词不定式（短语）很长，可用it作形式宾语。 He found it hard to catch up with others. 他觉得赶上别人很困难。 四. 作宾语补足语。例如： The teacher asked us to read English for half an hour in the morning. 老师让我们早晨读半小时英语。 Please let me help you. 让我来帮助你。 动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示宾语所做的动作，可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：tell, ask, want, like, invite, encourage, help等。但在let, make, see, watch, hear, feel, notice, have等感官听觉动词或使役动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式一般要省略动词不定式符号“to”，可以归纳为以下三种句式： 1.不可以省to的不定式作宾语补足语： tell /ask / want / would like / wish / like / invite /encourage /teach sb. to do sth. 例:I want you to go now. 我想让你现在就走。 Her parents wish her to be a teacher. 她父母亲希望她当老师。 2.省“to”的不定式作宾语补足语： Let / make / have sb. do sth. Let the boy go out now. 让那个男孩出去。 The boy made the baby cry. 男孩弄哭了这个小孩。 see / watch / hear / notice / feel sb. do sth. I saw the students play basketball on the playground yesterday. 昨天我看见学生们在操场打篮球。 I often hear the girl sing in the next room. 我经常听到女孩在隔壁唱歌。 3.可省可不省的： help sb. （to）do sth. I often help my mother （to）do housework. 我经常帮妈妈做家务。 *动词不定式的否定式是直接在to之前加not. 例： （1）Tell them not to play football in the street. 告诉他们不要在街道上踢足球。 （2）省to的动词不定式的否定式是直接在动词前面加not. 例： Let the boy not go. 让那个男孩别走。（3）如果将主动语态变为被动语态时，作宾语补足语的动词不定式变为主语补足语，动词不定式则不省“to”，即原来省的再加上，例： The boy made the baby cry. The baby was made to cry by the boy. 那个孩子被男孩弄哭了。五. 动词不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语常用来修饰名词或不定代词，放于所修饰的词后，为后置定语。例： Who was the first one to arrive? 谁第一个到的？ She has no paper to write on? 她没有纸写字？ The best way to learn English is to use it. 学英语最好的方法是使用它。 When is the best time to plant vegetables? 什么时候是种植蔬菜的最好时间？ *动词不定式（短语）作定语修饰名词时，与其所修饰的词具有一种动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词为不及物动词时，其后应加上一个含义上所需要的介词。例： He has no house to live in. 他没有房子住。 六. 动词不定式作目的状语： 动词不定式作目的状语常用在go, come, hurry等不及物动词后，表目的。They got up early to catch the early bus. 他们早起去赶早班车。 有时可以把不定式（短语）提前，放于句首，表示强调目的。例： To early English quickly and well, he went to England. 为了更快更好地学英语，他去了英国。七. 不定式和疑问词连用，可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语等。例：The problem is where to get a computer. （表语） No one knows how to do it. 没有人知道如何做这件事。（宾语） I really dont know which one to choose. （宾语） 我真的不知道选哪一个。 When and where to have the party is not known. （主语） 何时何地举行联欢还不知道。 *不定式和疑问词连用作宾语时有时可以改为宾语从句。例： I dont know what to do next. 我不知下一步该做什么？ I dont know what I should do next. 【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟） 一. 选择填空： 6. The man refused （拒绝）_ back his words. A. to take B. taking C. took D. takes11. My father was too angry _ a word. A. to say B. not to say C. to saying D. didnt say 12. My brother was old enough _ to school. A. went B. goes C. going D. to go 13. It is time _ him _ supper. A. of, to have B. for, to have C. of, having D. for, to has 14. Its very kind _ you _ me. A. of, to help B. for, to help C. of, help D. of, helping 15. Its important _ our classroom clean every day. A. kept B. to keep C. to give D. keep 16. Before liberation （解放）they had no chance _ to school. A. went B. go C. to go D. to be gone 17. He said he had an important meeting _. A. attend B. would attend C. attending D. to attend 18. Please give me a piece of paper _. A. to write B. to write on C. writing D. to write it 19. I dont know _. A. what do B. what will do C. what to do D. do what 20. Your radio needs _. A. to be repairedB. to repair C. repaired D. to repairing 21. My wish is _ a teacher. A. becoming B. to become C. become D. became 22. I want _ him a letter now. A. to write B. not write C. write D. wrote 23. It took us three days _ the trees. A. plant B. planted C. to plant D. plants 24. Why not _ here _ me? A. to come, to see B. come, to see C. came, seeing D. come, see 25. He wishes me _ my best _ hard at English. A. to do, to workB. doing, workingC. to do, workingD. do, work 26. Please tell me _ her. I have something _ her. A. where to find, telling B. where to find, to tell C. where can find, to tellD. where finding, telling 27. How happy they are _ each other again! A. to see B. see C. saw D. being seen 28. They decided （决心）_ a letter _ their thanks. A. to write, expressing（表达） B. writing, express C. write, expressed D. to write, to express 29. The officer ordered （命令）him _ down _ a rest. A. lying, have B. to lie, to have C. to lie, havingD. lie, had 30. The headmaster called on （号召）us _ hard for our country. A. to work B. worked C. work D. to working 【试题答案】一.11. A12. D 13. B14. A 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. C20. A 21. B 22. A23. C 24. B 25. A26. B 27. A 28. D 29. B30. A三、初中定语从句的讲解与练习 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系 代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换） 3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 1.As far as .is concerned 至今.被认为是.2.It goes without saying that. 不用说.(意思是：论述的内容是显而易见的）3.It can be said with certainty that. 3.不用说.；.是肯定的。4.As the proverb says 4.有句谚语是这样说的.;常言道.5.It has to be noticed that. 5.必须引起注意的是.6.Its generally recognized that. 6.通常认为.7.Its likely that 7.很可能.8.Its hardly that. 8.hardly表否定，.不被经常说起；我们很少谈到.Its hardly too much to say that. 8.hardly表否定，.不被经常说起；我们很少谈到.What calls for special attention is that. 9.需要引起特别注意的是.Theres no denying the fact that.10.事实不容否认.Nothing is more important than the fact that. 11.没有比这更重要的是.whats far more important is that.12.意思同上，更重要的是.As time goes by,.随着时间的流逝There is no doubt that.毫无疑问.As far as Im concerned, I think.就我而言，我认为.It is said that.据说.Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。It is .that.强调句It is important for sb to do sth.there be句型Compared with A, B is more .与A相比，B更.in my opinion 在我看来It is high time that we did sth.是我们做.的时候了。Only in this way, can wei solve this problem properly.只有这样我们才能妥善解决这个问题。sth is so.that.如此.以至于.not only .,but also.不仅.而且.To be honest To tell the truth 老实说来too.to 太.以至于不能.On one hand,.on the other hand,.一方面.另一方面.高考英语翻译 （Jan.30）中译英常设考点1、形式主语或形式宾语it 2、动名词作主语 3、句型结构 4、连词 5、倒装句型6、动词或动词短语 7、中英文化差异 8、各类从句 9、成语英译一：形式主语或形式宾语it 1、Its + adj. + of/for sb. to do sth. Eg. Its so careless of you to make so many spelling mistakes in the English exam2、It so happened that Eg. It so happened that I didnt have any money on me.3、Its reported/ believed/ estimated that Its estimated that about 30 passengers were killed in the bus accident.4、在强调句it is + that 中 Eg. Its because of his perseverance that led to his late success.5、在含有某些形容词的句子中，如important，necessary，impossible, natural, common, strange等。6、Its likely that Eg. Its likely that John wont come though he has promised do.二：动名词作主语 充分利用时间并不意味着从早到晚不停地看书。(make full use of time)Making full use of time doesnt mean keeping on reading books from morning till night.三：句型结构很多人身体有疾病时才认识到保持健康的重要性。(notuntil)Many people are not aware of the importance of being healthy until they are ill.这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。(sothat)The historical novel about World War I is so attractive that I cant bear to put it down.Practice 这个练习太难，没几个人能做对。（sothat）他下决心不再依赖父母，要靠自己用双手谋生。（notbut）玛丽把开门的钥匙丢了，只好在屋外等她妈妈。（do nothing but）她身体太弱，没法从事这样艰苦的工作。（tooto）与阅读一样，听力在语言学习过程中也起着重要作用。（asas）人们普遍认为，用脑越多，智力越活跃。（the morethe more）正是在这个小城里，他度过了幸福的童年。（It is that）他是鉴定书法的高手，自己也写得一手好字。（not onlybut also）过了若干年那个事件的真相才被揭示出来。（Itbefore）四：连词 我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再作出最终结论。(before)We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion)六：动词或动词短语 这张照片使我想起了我们在夏令营里度过的日子。(remind)The photo reminds me of the days we spent in the summer camp.说老实话，我真后悔没能帮助他摆脱困境。(regret)To tell the truth, I really regret not being able to help him out of the trouble.众所周知，成功来自勤奋，不努力则一事无成。As we all know, success comes from hard work, without efforts nothing can be done.or It is known to all that success results from diligence; without efforts nothing can be achieved.他们应从这件事中吸取教训，玩火者必自焚。They should learn a lesson from this incident; he who plays with fire will surely get burnt.这个地区的经济发展很快，可是某些市民的素质还不尽如人意。Although the economy in this area is developing rapidly, the qualities of some citizens are still not satisfactory.当时，那位出租车司机别无选择，只能求助与游客。At the time, the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourists/traveler( for help).许多外国游客都想去长城一游，他们知道“不到长城非好汉”。Many foreign tourists want to visit the Great Wall. They know that” He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”2003年：虽然她孤身一人，无亲无故，但邻居们都向她伸出了援助之手。Although she lives (alone) with no relatives or friends, all the/her neighboures offer her a helping hand/offer to help her.这个游戏的规则太复杂，三言两语解释不清。The rules of the game are too completed to explain/be explained in a few words.我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。I find it is hard to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinion.只要我们齐心协力，就能很快解决这个技术难题。 So long as/As long as/If we work co-operatively/with combined efforts/joint efforts, we will be able to solve/work out the technical problems. soon.他进公司后不久就开始独立完成了一项艰巨的任务，同事们对他刮目相看。 （so） He finishe