英汉语言对比-6-synthetic vs. analytic-1

英汉语言对比 6 Syntheticvs Analytic 1 ObjectivesStudentsareexpectedtohaveanunderstandingofthedefinitionsofsyntheticandanalyticlanguagesandembodimentsofthosefeaturesinChineseandEnglishlanguages HaveanunderstandingofdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseininflection wordorder partsofspeechandphonology andillustratetheminspecificcases KeyPointsa inflectionsinEnglishandtheirrolesinsentenceconstructionb differencesinwordorder TeachingApproachesLecture classpracticesanddiscussions 英汉语言本质比较 语言形态学 linguistictypology 分类 综合型语言 俄语 德语 拉丁语 古英语分析型语言 汉语综合 分析语 英语 asynthetic analyticlanguage 综合型语言 syntheticlanguage Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships 韦博斯特第九新大学英语辞典 Webster sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary Inflection achangeintheformofaword usuallybyaddingasuffix toindicateachangeinitsgrammaticalfunction指这种语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义 格 时 数等 分析型语言 analyticlanguage Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords auxiliaryverbs andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations ratherthanofinflectedforms 兰登书屋大学词典 RandomHouseCollegeDictionary 指这种语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达 而是通过虚词 词序等手段来表示 English asynthetic analyticlanguage 1 ModernEnglishoriginatedfromtheOldEnglishandhenceitstillmaintainscertainfeaturesofthesyntheticlanguage 2 InflectedformsdoexistinModernEnglish buttheyarenotsocomplexasthoseintheOldEnglish 3 WordorderinModernEnglishisrelativelyfixedalthoughitismoreflexiblethanthatinModernChinese 4 FunctionwordsaboundinModernEnglishandarefrequentlyemployed Grammaticalrelationships Hereditaryinflections Relativelyfixedwordorder Plentyoffunctionwords 1 inflectionalvs non inflectional Inflection achangeintheformofawordtoindicateachangeinitsgrammaticalfunction 只改变语法形态 不改变词义的变化 formalchange changeofwordform word makingchange changeingrammaticalforms1 构词形态 即起构词作用的词缀变化 affixation 包括大量的前缀 prefix 和后缀 suffix E g read serious consider Thepublishinghousehastotakeintoseriousconsiderationwhetherthereaderswillliketoread readingthebooksornot Thepublishinghousehastotakeintoseriousconsiderationwhetherthebookswillbereadableornot Thepublishinghousehastotakethereadabilityofthebooksintoseriousconsideration Thepublishinghousehastoconsiderseriouslywhetherthereaderswillliketoread readingthebooksornot Thepublishinghousehastoconsiderseriouslywhetherthebookswillbereadableornot Thepublishinghousehastoconsiderseriouslythereadabilityofthebooks 2 构形形态 即表达语法意义的词形变化 我给他讲了一个故事 他已经给我讲了两个故事 每晚睡觉前 他妈妈都要给他讲几个故事 他总是叫 他 妈妈在 他 睡觉前 给他 讲好几个故事 Itoldhimastory Hehastoldmetwostories Hismotheralwaystellshimseveralstoriesbeforehegoestobedeverynight Healwaysaskshismothertotellhimseveralstoriesbeforehegoestobed 现代英语的形态变化主要包括 动词的变化 conjugation 和静词 名词 代词 形容词 副词 的变化 declension 以及上述的词缀变化 affixation Gender he she Number apple apples Case we us our ours Tense do does did Aspect is doing have done Voice isdone hasbeendone Mood cando mightdo Comparison bigger biggest Person like likes Partsofspeech rapid rapidly rapidity Ingrammar inflectionorinflexionisthemodificationofawordtoexpressdifferentgrammaticalcategoriessuchastense grammaticalmood grammaticalvoice aspect person number genderandcase Conjugationistheinflectionofverbs declensionistheinflectionofnouns adjectivesandpronouns Tenseandaspect Passivevoice Shall will be done begoingto be done Have has been beingdone hadbeen beingdone WecannotbutacceptSayce s 萨伊斯 dictum onceinflectional alwaysinflectional HencewhileEnglishappearsasalmostuninflectionalwhencomparedwithsuchalanguageasLatin itappearsintheoppositelightwhencomparedwithanisolatinglanguagesuchasChinese H SweetTheHistoryofLanguage Chinesehasnoinflectionalchange ithasonlysimilarchanges Affix Chineselanguagehaslittleaffix whichareunstableanddeletableaccordingtotherhythmrequirements 初 三 初三 十三 子 刀 刀子 大刀 Someaffixes Prefix 老 老张 老大 阿 阿姨 阿飞 可 可好 可怜 可惜 第 第一 Suffix 子 被子 电子 儿 花儿 鸟儿 头 老头 切 迫切 贴切 于 以 用于 给以 Chinesetodayhassomenewaffixesduetotheinfluenceofforeignlanguages Thenewaffixesinclude性 ity 化 ize ization 可 able 非 non in 师 ian er ist 度 ness tion 家 ist ian er 派 school 性 可能性 必要性 纯洁性 民族性化 现代化 工业化 国际化可 可燃 flammable 可支配 disposable 可转让 negotiable 像类似的后缀有 师 度 派 家 手 等 另有一些前缀 如 非 non 不 in 反 anti counter 多 multi 双 bi 亲 pro 超 super 准 quasi 数量助词 们 表示复数 动态助词 着 了 过 表示动词的体 结构助词 的 地 得 表示定语 状语与补语 虽然这三类助词类似英语的形态变化 但这些成分的使用在汉语里常常缺乏普遍性 有的场合一定要用 有的场合可用可不用 有的场合甚至不能用 英语形态变化的使用却有严格的规则 往往带有强制性 ThefactthatEnglishisinflectionalandChineseisnon inflectionalorthefactthatEnglishismoreinflectionalthanChineserevealsthedifferentcharacteristicsofthetwolanguagesandcultures English astrongsenseoftime accuratethinking logicalthinking rationalthinking Chinese fuzzythinking thepowerofunderstanding comprehension intuition relationalthinking Accuratethinkingisawayoflookingatlifewhereyouseeandunderstandlifeasitexists thewayitis youunderstandhumanbehaviorandhumanpsychologyasitisandthewayitexists andyoudealwiththingsastheyexistandastheyreallyare nothowyouwantthemtobe nothowyouwishtheycouldbe nothowyouthinktheyshouldbe butjusthowtheyare 精确思维 Fuzzythinkingismoreemphaticofthegeneralimpressionorthegeneralprincipleofreflectionandisnotsomuchconcernedwiththespecificdetailsoftheobjectsortherelativeinformation That smoretypicaloftheChinesethanoftheWesterners esp theEnglish TheChinesehaslongbeeninfluencedbysuchafuzzyphilosophy 模糊思维 In ClassExercises I PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese 1 It sbeenyearssinceIenjoyedmyselfsomuchaslastnight 2 Ihavebeengratefulforthepartheplayedinmyrelease 3 SuchtreatmentIdidnotexpect forIneverhadapatronbefore 4 Itisstrangethatsheshouldhavefailedtoseeherownshortcomings 5 Herrefusaltoobeyhimgreatlyincensedhim whohadnevermetthatkindofoppositionbefore KeysforReference 我已很多年没有像昨晚玩得那么开心了 我