连词.doc

第十九讲 连词概说：连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子，在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and, but, or, for等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等，引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。重点：并列连词的用法和从属连词的用法难点：从属连词的用法内容：一、并列连词的用法1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如：Someone borrowed my pen, but I dont remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。He said he was our friend, yet he wouldnt help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如：The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , eitheror , neithernor , not onlybut (also) , bothand , as well as 等。如：He didnt go and she didnt go either. 他没去，她也没去。The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。二、从属连词的用法1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词(1) 表示“当时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如：Dont talk while youre eating. 吃饭时不要说话。Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。(2) 表示“在之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如：Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如：Shes been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙。Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。(4) 表示“一就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等。如：Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。The moment I have finished Ill give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：Ill tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的时候，我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。注意：every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as so long as, in case 等。如：Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧?Dont come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。As long as youre happy，it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨，他们就呆在家里。注意：在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如：If you will sit down for a few moments, Ill tell the manager youre here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如：He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音，以便每个人都能听见。Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞，以防下雨。She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, sothat, suchthat等。如：I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤，以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如：He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因为我是新来的。As you are sorry，Ill forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。Since weve no money, we cant buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。Seeing that hes ill hes unlikely to come. 因为他病了，他大概不会来了。Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如：Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他们虽是孪生, 但是相貌却完全不同。I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。You wont move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。Whoever you are, you cant pass this way. 不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每当我见到他，我都和他讲话。7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。如：Why didnt you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢?He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他将铁棍折弯，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如：The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。Ill take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。Everywhere I go，I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和asas。如：She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表，时间比我想像的早。He doesnt work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。10. 引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if 等，它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅不充当句子成分，而且没有词义，在句子中只起连接作用；而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分，但有词义，即表示“是否”。如：He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。I wonder if its large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。讲练结合：1. Oh, I failed againDont lose heart. One more effort, _ you will succeed. A. so thatB. thereforeC. howeverD. and2. _ a difficult situation, so you should send him a message and give him some advice.A. As he is inB. He is inC. Being inD. He being in3. She said she would work it out herself, _ ask me for help. A. and not toB. but notC. and prefer notD. rather than4. _ enough time, but I couldnt do it better. A. I was givenB. GivenC. To be givenD. Though I was given 5. How can I wake up so early? Set the alarm at 5 oclock, _ youll make it.A. butB. orC. andD. so6. For a person with reading habits, a printed page contains not only words _ ideas, thoughts and feelings.A. yetB. andC. orD. but7. Information technology is taught in most schools, _ we have entered the information society.A. soB. whileC. stillD. for8. English is understood all over the world _ Turkey is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself.A. whileB. whenC. ifD. as9. I was on the point of going to bed _ Mr. Zhang rang.A. asB. whenC. whileD. and10. I asked him whether he had done all the work himself _ whether he had had any assistance.A. andB. butC. norD. or11. In some countries, _ are called “public schools” are not owned by the public.A. whichB. asC. whatD. that12. _ happens in the world makes us happy and sad by turns. A. ThatB. WhatC. WhichD. Whether13. I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter _ it was?A. whereB. whatC. howD. which14. One of the men present held the view _ the book said was right. A. what thatB. whatC. thatD. that what15. _ I had walked for six hours, I was tired out. A. AfterB. BeforeC. WhenD. As16. Tom make up his mind to get a seat for the football match _ it means standing in a queue all night. A. as ifB. as thoughC. even ifD. whatever17. The roof fell _ he had time to dash into the house to save his baby. A. asB. afterC. untilD. before18. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _ it comes to classroom tests. A. asB. sinceC. whenD. after19. I have been keeping that photo _ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my college days. A. whichB. whereC. whetherD. when20. You may borrow this book _ you promise to give it back. A. in caseB. so long as C. as ifD. even if 21. _ the man grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening. A. WithB. SinceC. WhileD. As22. _ you understand this rule, youll have no further difficulty. A. OnceB. UnlessC. AsD. Until23. I had no sooner got back to the kitchen _ the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. A. whenB. thanC. asD. while24. I criticized him, you know, not _ I hate him but _ I love him. A. because; becauseB. because; for C. for; becauseD. for; for25. _ he studies hard, he will never pass the examination. A. IfB. UnlessC. Even ifD. Even though26. She worked hard _ everything would be ready by the time he came back. A. sinceB. so thatC. as ifD. unless27. He waited _ the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later.A. whenB. beforeC. asD. until28. May I go and play football with Dick this afternoon, Dad? No, you cant go out _ your work is being done. A. beforeB. untilC. asD. after29. A warning news report from Qatar announces that a group of Islam will continue to kill Americans wherever they are _ they leave the Arab world forever. A. even thoughB. in caseC. wheneverD. until30. I was so familiar with her that I recognized her voice _ I picked up the phone. A. the momentB. afterC. beforeD. while【答案解析】1. D. 考查“祈使句/名词+and+陈述句”句型。句意为：“再努力点，你就会成功的”。2. B. so(因此)是并列连词，引出一个表示结果的分句，前面应是一个表示原因的分句，而无需再用连词，排除A；C和D又不是句子，也错了。3. D. 因为rather than是对称连词，意为“而不” (from )。4. A. 因为but是并列连词，后面是个句子，前面也一定是个句子，而不是一个分词短语或不定式短语，更不能再用连词though，所以排除B、C和D。5. C. 考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型，意为“如果就”。虽然or也可用于此句型，但or是“否则、要不然”之意，如：Work hard, or youll fail. (努力学习，否则就会不及格。)6. D. 因为not onlybut (also)是固定搭配(from )。7. D. 因为句中的并列连词for表示原因，是对前面分句所述内容的解释或补充说明。8. A. 因为句中的并列连词while表示“对比或相反”。9. B. 因为句中的并列连词when = just at that time, 意为“这时(突然)”。10. D. 因为只有or才能表示选择，意为“(是) 还是”。11. C。本题考查what引导主语从句，并在主语从句中作主语。句意为“在许多国家，所谓的“公立学校”并非公众拥有。12. B。本题考查引导主语从句的连接词。that引导主语从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，但不能省略。what除引导主语从句外, 还在从句中作成分。which指一定范围内的“哪一个”；whether意为“是否”。根据句意“世上的事喜忧交替”可知答案为B(from )。13. D。该题考查宾语从句。可以看作是does it matter which book it was的省略。一定注意此题受母语干扰，很容易错选答案为A。只要抓住题干前一句I read about this story in some book or other的提示，就可知道是指一定范围内的“哪一个”，故答案为D。14. D。that引导同位语从句；what the book said是同