托福听力话题-动物也疯狂 (2).doc

托福听力-动物也疯狂以下的托福内容和动物有关。2015年4月18日托福考试听力部分，有两篇听力内容都和动物有关： l Conversation2是谈论Influence of climate change on birds (气候变化对鸟类活动影响)l Lecture2是biology lecture讲述animal behavior (动物行为)具体mimicry behavior (模仿行为)我们通过对踢皮球(TPO)34套题目的统计，也可以看出，生物话题的讲座，独占鳌头！而在生物话题的讲座中，超过一半都是谈论动物的啊！既然动物学这么重要，那我们就做一个系统的梳理吧！TPO动物学考查方向关于4月28日Lecture2讲到的mimicry behavior, 我们来储备一些背景知识：（Wiki）In evolutionary biology (进化生物学), mimicry is a similarity of one species to another which protects one or both. This similarity can be in appearance, behavior, sound, scent or location (外貌、行为、声音、气味和位置场所). Mimicry occurs when a group of organisms (有机体、生物体), the mimics (模仿者), evolve to share common perceived characteristics with another group, the models(被模仿者). The evolution is driven by the selective action of a signal-receiver(信号接收者).The signal-receiver is typically another intermediate organism like the common predator (捕食者)of two species, but may actually be the model itself, such as a moth resembling (长得像) its spider predator. As an interaction, mimicry is in most cases advantageous (有利的) to the mimic and harmful to the receiver, but may increase, reduce or have no effect on the fitness of the model depending on the situation. Mimicry is related to camouflage(伪装), in which a species resembles its surroundings or is otherwise difficult to detect(找到、探测出). In particular, mimesis, in which the mimic takes on the properties of a specific object or organism, but one to which the dupe is indifferent, is an area of overlap（重合） between camouflage and mimicry.Though visual mimicry is most obvious to humans, other senses such as olfaction (smell) or hearing may be involved, and more than one type of signal may be employed. Mimicry may involve morphology（形态学）, behaviour, and other properties. In any case, the signal always functions to deceive （欺骗）the receiver by preventing it from correctly identifying the mimic. Defensive （防御性）or protective （保护性）mimicry takes place when organisms are able to avoid encounters that would be harmful to them by deceiving enemies（敌人） into treating them as something else. Some behaviors entail mimicry of organisms protected bywarning colouration （警告颜色）Aggressive（攻击性的） mimicry describes predators (orparasites) which share the same characteristics as a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey (orhost) （捕食者）. The mimic may resemble the prey or host itself, or another organism which is either neutral（中立的）or beneficial（获益的） to the signal receiver. 对不熟悉音标的同学，我们这样来储备词汇biologybaldi生物学speciology spi:ildin. 物种学zoology zuldin.动物学microbiology,makrobaldi微生物学entomology entmldin. 昆虫学ornithology,rnldi n.鸟类学cell biology sel-baildi n.细胞生物学biochemist baiukemist n.生物化学家paleontologist peilintldist n.古生物学者creature kri:t n.生物organism:gnizmn.有机物，微生物microbemakrob微生物planktonplktn浮游生物invertebrate inv:tibrt n.无脊椎动物vertebratev:tbrt, -bret脊椎动物amphibian mfibinn.两栖动物reptile reptailn.爬行动物herbivore h:biv:n. 食草动物herbivorous: h:bivrsa.食草的，草食的carnivorekrnvr食肉动物omnivorous amnivrsa.杂食的ruminant ru:minntn.反刍动物mollusk mlsk n.软体动物land creature lnd kri:t陆地生物cold kuld blood animal bld nimln.冷血动物warmw:m blood animal bld nimln.热血动物mammal mmln. 脊椎 哺乳动物primates pramts灵长目动物endangered species 濒危动物speciesspi:i:zn.物种breedbri:dn.品种monogamous mnms 一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polyandrous,plndrs一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的polygamousplgms一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的community kmjunti动物的群落或人的部落flockflk（牛、羊等）群herd hd兽群hordes/swarms hrd/swrm（昆虫等）群reptile reptailn.爬行动物rodentrudntn.啮齿动物chimpanzeetimpnzi:n.黑猩猩baboon bbu:nn.狒狒anthropoid nrpida.类人猿的beast bist野兽wolfwulfn.狼cheetah tit 猎豹bearbvt.熊lionslainn.狮子rat rt=mouse maus（复数 mice）n.鼠squirrelskwirln.松鼠kangarookgru:n.袋鼠marmot m:mtn.土拨鼠chipmunktipmkn.花栗鼠meerkatmiktn.猫鼬elephant elifntn.大象mammothmmn.猛犸象，长毛象cattle ktln.牛bison baisn n.美洲野牛buffalo bflun.水牛rhinoceros rainsrsn.犀牛zebrazi:br, ze:-n.斑马hippopotamuses hipptms =hippohip un.河马deerdin.鹿camel kmln.骆驼antelopentlop羚羊rabbitrbitn.兔子pigeonpidinn.鸽子crowkrun.乌鸦eaglei:gln.鹰hawkh:kn.鹰owlauln.猫头鹰songbird sb:d n.鸣禽hummingbird hmib:dn.蜂鸟bat btn.蝙蝠colubridklbrd, klj-n.无毒蛇类venomous snake venmssneikn.有毒的蛇dinosaurdains:n.恐龙Tyrannosaurus rex tairns:rs reksn.霸王龙alligator ligeit= crocodilekrkdailn.鳄鱼turtlettl龟snake sneikn.蛇frog frgn.青蛙chameleon 变色龙lizardlizdn.蜥蜴snailsneiln.蜗牛penguin pegwinn.企鹅otter tn.水獭shrimprimpn.虾crayfish kreifi n.龙虾clam klmn.蛤crab krbn.螃蟹coralkrln.珊瑚beaver bi:vn.海狸dolphindlfinn.海豚starfishstrfn.海星octopusktpsn.章鱼whalehweiln.鲸鱼eel i:ln.鳗鱼flounder flaund n. 比目鱼squid skwid n.鱿鱼jellyfish delifi n.水母oyster ist n.牡蛎spongeslo海绵insect insektn.昆虫bug b n.虫子wormwm虫/蠕虫 caterpillar ktpil n.毛虫pest pest n.害虫parasite prsat寄生虫spider spaid n.蜘蛛cockroachkkrut n.蟑螂ant ntn.蚂蚁termite t:maitn.白蚁fly flain.苍蝇hornet 大黄蜂mosquitomski:tun.蚊子moth mn.飞蛾butterfly btflai n.蝴蝶habitat selection hbitt sileknn.栖息地选择habitat hbittn.息地recreaterekrieitv.再建（栖息地）burrow brun.洞穴nest nest n.巢survivalsvaivln.生存territorialterit:rila.领地的communal kmjunl adj.群居的circumstance s:kmstnsn.环境population density ppju lei n densitin.居住密度quiescent kwiesnt adj.休眠的hibernatehabnet n.冬眠；蛰伏migrate maireit v.迁徙soar s: v.振翅飞行glide laid v. 滑行nomadicnmdkadj.游牧的；流浪的domesticate dmstketv.驯养flexible fleksbl adj.柔韧的stretch stret n.伸展exhale eksheil v.呼气inhale inheil v.吸气forage frid v.觅食mating ritualmeiti ritul求偶仪式mate meitn.交配stimulus stimjulsn.刺激drivedraiv =urge:dzn.驱动，驱动因素expel ikspel v. 喷出，发射displacement displeismntn.取代，换位grooming gru:min.整理（羽毛）reproduceri:prdju:sv.繁殖 lags eggsli:kdz下蛋incubate inkjbeit v.孵化offspring fsprin.后代larva l:vn.幼虫molting multi n.蜕皮fledglingsfledlin.雏鸟hatchling htlin.刚孵化的幼体pollinate plineit v.授粉，传粉agent eidntn.中介spread spred v.扩散，传播camouflage kmfl:vt.伪装shield i:ld v.防御，保护defend difend v.防卫protective camouflage n.保护色predator-prey predt -prei捕食者被捕食者enemy enimin.敌人pursue psju: v.追捕, 追击sting sti v.螫injury indri n.伤害eliminate ilimineit v.除去prime praima.首要的，最好的secondary sekndri, -deri a.次要的，第二的higher hai a.较高/ lower lua.较低irrelevant irelivnta.不切题，不相关inappropriateinprupriit adj.不恰当. horizontal hrizntla.水平的verticalv:tikla.垂直的underneathndni:n.下面ancestry nsstri, nsestri =ancestornsstn. 祖先Evolution i:vlu:nn.演变，进化evolve ivlv v.(使)演变，进化the missing link , i: misi likn.进化缺环Darwinismdrwnzm达尔文学说species spi:si:z n.物种survival svavln. 幸存，生存victim viktim n.牺牲品die out / extinctionkstkn灭绝mass extinction ms-ikstikn n.大量消亡decline in the number 数量减少vocalization ,vuklaizn,-liz-n. 发声，acoustic ku:stika. 声学，听觉的a