语言学各章复习要点.doc

Chapter 11. 要点a. the definition of language b. the design features and the functions of languagec. the distinction between human language and animal communication or other artificial sign systemd. major distinctions in linguistics 2. 实践1） Unlike animal communication systems, human language is _.A. stimulus free B. stimulus bound C. under immediate stimulus control D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest 2) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal function B. performative function C. informative function D. recreational function 3) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade” is _. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 4) _ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics? A. Chomsky B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. John Lyons Chapter 2 1. 要点a. the definition of phonetics and its three major research fields b. the location, characteristics and function of the speech organs c. the definition and classifications of consonants and vowels d. the place of articulation and manner of articulations e. cardinal vowels f. IPAg. Broad and narrow transcription and the lip position in the pronunciation of the cardinal vowels h. The definition of phonologyi. The comparison and contrast between phonetics and phonologyj. The definition of phone, phoneme, allophone, minimal pair and free variation k. Theories on phoneme, phonemic contrast and complementary distribution l. Features on phonetic similarity and distinction m. Suprasegmental features (syllables, stress, tone, etc.)2. 实践1） Of the three cavities, _ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds. A. nasal cavity B. pharynx C. oral cavity 2) All syllables contain a _. A. nucleus B. coda C. onset 3）sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a _. A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme 4) _ is one of the suprasegmental features.A. stop B. Voicing C. Deletion D. tone 5) Narrow transcription is the phonetic transcription with _.A. diacritics B. distinctive features C. voicing D. articulation 6) Velar refers to _. A. larynx B. soft palate C. voicing D. articulation 7) Which of the following consonants does not exist in English? A. dental stop B. bilabial stop C. alveolar stop D. velar stop 8. _ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. A. Nasality B. Voicing C. Aspiration D. Rounding 9._ is not an English consonant.A. labio-dental plosive b. alveolar nasal C. velar stop D. dental fricative 10. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is _. A. random B. predictable C. variable D. independent 11. Voicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in _. A. Chinese B. English C. both Chinese and English D. neither Chinese and English Chapter 3 1要点a. the definitions of the basic concepts in this chapter：word, morpheme, morphology, free morpheme, bound morpheme, inflectional affix and derivational affix, b. inflection and word formation, 3. 实践1） Compound words consist of _ morphemes. A. bound B. free C. both bound and free 2) Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are _. A. grammatical words B. Lexical words C. neither grammatical nor lexical words3) “Radar” is a/an _.A. acronym B. blending C. coinage D. clipping4) The words “take ” and “table ” are called _ because they can occur unattached. A. form words B. bound morphemes C. free morphemes D. inflectional morphemes 5) A _ is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. A. Blending B. Acronym C. Abbreviation D. invention 6) A _ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. A. stem B. root C. allomorph D. Lexeme 7) _ is a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed. A. loanshift B. Loan translation C. loanword D. loanblend8）_is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine/feminine/neuter, animate/inanimate, etc. 9) the relation between words “rose” and “flower ” is that of _. A. synonymy B. antonymy C. homonymy D. hyponymy Chapter 41. 要点a. the important concepts in this chapter: syntax, endocentric and exocentric construction, the deep structure and surface structure, immediate constituent analysis, concord, government, category, Chapter 51. 要点a. the definition of semantics, b. theory of semantic triangle, c. different kinds of meaning,d. sense relations e. componential analysis f. sentence meaning2. 实践1) The sense relationship between “John plays violin” and “John plays a musical instrument” is _. A. hyponymy B. antonymy C. entailment 2) “Semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a _. A. synonymy B. polysemy C. antonymy D. tautology.3) Conceptual meaning is _. A. denotative B. connotative C. associative D. affective 4) When the word “root” means “part of plat that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil”, the meaning is _ meaning. A. connotative B. conceptual C. reflected 5) “Wide/narrow ” is an example of _. A. gradable opposite B. relational opposites C. conversenesss D. complementarity Chapter 61. 要点a. speech act theory b. principle of conversationc. Cooperative Principled. characteristics of implicature e. context 2. 实践1） An illocutionary act is identical with _ A. sentence meaning B. the speakers meaning C. language understanding D. the speakers competence 2) The Indirect Speech Act was developed by _. AJohn Austin B. Levinson C. John Lyons D. John Searle 3) _ is a branch of linguistics which is the study of meaning in the context use. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. Semantics 4. Tautologies like boys are boys are extreme examples in which maxim of _ is violated. A. quality B. quantity C. relevance D. manner Chapter 71. 要点a. morphological change and syntactic change b. vocabulary change c. addition of new words d. changes in the meaning of words 2. 实践1) Chapter 81. 要点a. speech community and speech variety b. varieties of language：regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole, c. bilingualism and diglossia 2. 实践1) In the present day, the stability of _ seems to be decreasing. A. social-class dialect B. idiolect C. taboo D. regional dialect Chapter 91. 要点a. the relationship between language and culture b. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 1. Which of the following statements about language is Not true? A. Language is a system. B. Language is symbolic.C. Animals also have language.D. Language is arbitrary.2. What is the most important function of language?A. Interpersonal. B. PhaticB. Informative D. Meatlingual.3. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by A. Saussure B. HallidayC. Chomsky D. The Prague School 4. Which of the following phonetic description matches the English consonant p A. a voiceless bilabial stop B. a voiced bilabial stop C. a voiceless dental stop D. a voiceless dental fricative 5. Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English? A. voicing B. nasal C. approximation D. aspiration 6. If two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic environment, then they are A. two separate phonemes B. two allophones of phonemes C. two free variation of a phoneme D. a minimal pair 7. Where is the primary stress of the word phonology? A. pho B. no. C. lo D. gy 8. If there is an English adjective “pornitial”, _ is the most possible for negative form. A. ip- B. im- C. il D.in-9. An _ language is a language in which concepts that we express using proposition, possessive adjectives, and so on are expressed as morphs concatenanted in the same words as the relevant base. A. inflecting B. agglutination C. isolating D. analytical 10. Which of the following words is created through the process of acronym? A. ad B. edit C. AIDS D. Bobo 11. The word “lab” is formed through A. back formation B. blending C. clipping D. derivation 12. If we are to use the technique of IC Analysis to analyze the sentence She broke the window with a stone yesterday, where is the first cut? A. between stone and yesterday B. between she and broke C. between broke and the window D. between window and with 13. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? A. gender. B. number C. case D. voice 14. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to A. study real “facts” in daily settings B. tell people how to speak appropriately C. look for the universal grammar D. tell people what is right in language use 15. A word with several meanings is called _ word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a mutilple 16. Among Leechs seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic 17. _ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning of each constituent word. A. Collocation B. Idiom C. Semantic component D. Synonym 18. There are _ deixis in the sentence She has sold it here yesterday. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 619. _ may be used as an example of indirect speech act. A. “Could you open the window?” B. “I hereby declare Mr. William elected.” C. “Good morning!” D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow.” 20. The maxim of _ requires that a participants contribution be relevant to the conversation. A. Quantity B. quality C. manners D relation 21. A scientific study of language studies is conducted with references to some _ of language structure. A. data B. general theory C. facts D. hypotheses 22. studies the historical development of language over a period of time, it is a historical study. A. synchronic B. descriptive C. prescriptive D. diachronic 23. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between A. prescriptive and descriptive B. synchronic and diachronic C. speech and writing D. langue and parole24. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that A. language is basically vocal B. language is arbitrary C. language is used for communication D. language is productive25. A minimal pair can be illustrated by A. sip/sheep B. bread/breast C. same/shame D. breath/breathe 26 Diphthongs are characterized by _.A. gliding B. voicing C. aspiration D. stress 27. The phonetic symbol for “voiced, labiodental, fricative” is A.v B. d C.f D.m28. Look is a monomorphemic word which conveys _ meaning. A. morphological B. morphemic C. lexical D. grammatical 29. _ morphemes are those than cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free of bound, to form a word. A. Free B. Bound C. Root D. Affix 30. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to that type of _ to form a new word. A. root B. affix C. stem D. word31. _ are closed categories because no new words are allowed for. A. syntactic categories B.Major lexical categories C. minor lexical categories D. phrasal categories 32. “She gave the book to John.” can be changed to “to whom did she give the book?” This involves _. A. NPmovement. B. WH-movement C. AUX-movement D. Post-verb adjective movement33. The meaning of a language form is as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” is proposed byA. Plato B. Firth C. Chomsky D. Bloomfield 34. Sound（adj.）and sound (n.) are identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are_. A. homophones B. homographs C. hyponyms D. complete homonyms35. A word with several meaning is a _. A. synonymy B. polysemic word C. co-hyponym. D. complete homonym36. _ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered. A. sentence-meaning B. utterance-meaning C. the reference D. the meaning37. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!” What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe? A. Modesty maxim B. sympathy maxim C. approbation maxim D. tact maxim 38. Morphological changes involves? A. The loss B. addition C. alteration of morphological rules D. all of above39. Proximately the number of pidgin speakers in the world is A. about 6 million B. about 12 million C. somewhere between 6 and 12 million D. unknown 40. In Early modern English _ was the second person pronoun used by social superiors to inferiors. 1-5 cccad 6-10 bbbbc 11-15 cbdca 16-20 abbad 21-25 bddac 26-30 aacbc 31bcddb 36-40 bcdbb . politeness principles The CP itself cannot explain why people are often to indirect in conveying what they really mean and why the conversational maxims are frequently infringed in social contexts. If these questions are considered in a broader, socially and psychologically oriented approach of pragmatics, they may be answered by the Politeness Principle (PP). Politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another persons public self-image. 1. Tact maxim 策略原则 (尽量减少他人损失、尽量使别人获益) 2Generosity maxim 慷慨原则 3 Approbation maxim 赞颂原则 4 Modesty maxim 谦虚原则 5 Agreement maxim 附和原则 6 Sympathy maxim 同情原则 1）A. May I invite you to dinner this evening? B. Sorry. I have an appointment. 2) A. Hows bills term paper? B. The handwriting is beautiful. 3) A. Bill has taken your parking place again. B. Well, I like that. 3. deitic words: are related to the orientation or position of events of entities in the real world. They may be personal, such as you, me, or spatial such as this, that, here, there, or temporal such as mow, then, etc. example: speaker: The professor has got a car.英语语言学常识练习1. What is true of linguist?A. He needs to be able to speak a large number of languages.B. He must have a wide experience of different types of languages. C. He takes great interest in analyzing and attempting to explain various linguistic phenomenon.D. His task is basically to study and understand the general principles upon all languages are built. 2. Which of the following is Not true of linguistics? A. It does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. B. It is descriptive, not prescriptive. C. It regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. D. It stresses the importance of strict grammatical rules. 3. Study of grammar and its development over different historical periods is _.A. applied linguistics B. synchronic linguistics C. diachronic linguistics D. sociolinguistics4. Human language is distinguished from animal communication due to the following defining features except_. A. creativity B. arbitrariness C. cultural transmission D. fluency 5. The _ of a language is the system and pattern of the speech sounds used in that particular language. A. phonology B. phonetics C. morphology D. semantics 6. Which of the following is not a dental?7. Which of the following is not a plosive?8. _ refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. phonology B. morphology C. semantics D. pragmatics9. The word reliability consists of _ morphemes. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 510. Which of the following words is not a compound? A. management B. loudspeaker C. baby-sit D. warm-hearted11. _ is the study of how sentences are structured of in others words, it tries to state what words can be combined with others to form sentences and in what order. A. syntax B. phonology C. semantics D. grammar12. Simply stated, _ is the study of meaning in language. A. syntax B. semantics C. morphology D. phonology13. According to the semiotic triangle of Ogden and Richards, the referent refers to _. Referentt Symbol ll Thought or reference A. the linguistic element, that is the word, sentence, etc.B. the object, etc. in the world of experienceC. concept D. name of the object.14. Which of the following pairs are collocationally-restricted synonyms? A. brotherly fraternal B. man chap C. addled eggs rancid bacon D. statesman politician15. The word site is the _ of sight. A. homophone B. homograph C. hyponym D. antonym 16. Which of following is the hyponym of the word flow