全国英语专业大学生学术论文写作教程.ppt

Part1Elementsincludedinthegraduationthesis Cover 毕业论文封面 Acknowledgement 致谢 可选 Abstractandkeywords 毕业论文英文摘要及关键词 摘要及关键词 毕业论文中文摘要及关键词 Contents 目录 Body 正文 References workscited bibliography 参考文献 Appendix 附录 可选 Qualityofgraduationthesis Bepreciseandaccurate definitionsBecarefulandclearinestablishinglinksbetweenideas evidenceandjudgmentsTakecaretodistinguishfactsfromopinionsBeobjectiveratherthanemotionalorrhetoricalBelogicalinsequenceandstructureContainreferencestootherworktoshowwhereevidenceandideashavecomefromAtleast5 000words Part2Findingatopic Assessyourpriorinterestandknowledge Haveaquickoverviewofthecoursesyouhavealreadytakeninprevioussemesterstoseeifthereisanythingthatappealstoyouparticularly Talkwithasmanyteachersandstudentsasyoucantoseewhatsuggestionstheymighthaveforrefiningyourtopic fromzerotoone Narrowingthetopic Creatingagoodtitle bigorgeneraltopics specific manageabletopics Examples General TheAmericanCivilWar Restricted CausesoftheVictoryoftheNorth Morerestricted TheSupportGiventotheUnionArmybythePeople Thetopicchosen BlackSoldiersintheUnionArmy 几个要点可以帮助你确定选题 选题应该有意义 有新意 观点正确 明确 选题应在个人能力可及范围之内 确定选题之前 对该选题所涉及的资料有充分的了解 通过对该选题论证和分析 能得出较客观公正的结论 Fieldresearch Fieldresearchisthebasicmeansofgatheringinformationinfieldssuchassociology anthropology psychologyandetc Itcanbecarriedoutinthreeways ObservingInterviewingUsingquestionnaires Fieldresearch Usingquestionnaires AlistofquestionsdesignedtocollectresponsesthatcanbeanalyzedforusefulinformationAdvantages Amuchlargernumberofpeople economic efficientandanonymous DevelopingquestionnairesTitle showingthefocusofthestudyIntroduction statingthepurposeofthequestionnaireandhowyouintendtousetheresults adviceonansweringthequestionsandtheamountoftimeneededtocompleteit Questions openquestionsandclosedquestions Youcanincludetheresultsinthetextofyourpaperordevelopatabletomakeiteasierforyourreaderstoscantheresults Inyourreport youmaywanttoincludethefollowing I Descriptionofthestudy context purpose subjects II Proceduresofthestudy designingthequestionnaire selectingthereaders administeringthequestionnaire summarizingtheresults III Interpretationoftheresults summaryanddiscussion Presentingtheresultsofquestionnaire Keepingtrackofyourresearch AdviceIthelpsyoulocatethesourceswhiledoingresearchanddocumentthesourceswhenyouarewritingthepaper Whatshouldbeemphasizedhereisthatyoushouldkeeprecordswhiledoingtheresearchinsteadoftryingtoreconstructthemafterwards Keepingtrackofyourresearch ForNewspaper Magazine JournalArticlesAuthorofarticle Titleofarticle TitleofNewspaper Magazine JournalArticlesVolumenumber卷名 Issuenumber期号 Dateofissue发行日期Inclusivepagenumbers frompage topage 文章首页号和尾页号 Library andfloor wheretheNewspaper Magazine Journalislocated Extract Excerpt extract 更强调一些有推理过程的摘录 提取精粹的意思多点 excerpt 应该是直接摘录 引用的意思多一点 Quotation引语 Comment个人评述 Paraphrase阐释 Summary概要 Keepingtrackofyourresearch Part3Outlining StructureofapaperGenerallyspeaking thestructureofapaperconsistsofthreeparts IntroductionBodyConclusion Outlining IntroductionItsometimesprovidessomebackgroundinformationsothatthereadercanfollowwhatyouaregoingtodiscussinthepaper Itmayalsoinformthereaderofthemethodsyouwillusetodealwiththesubject Theintroductionparthasnofixedlength Inastudent spaper itusuallycontainsoneortwoparagraphs butitcouldbeaslongasoneortwopages dependingonhowlongandcomplicatedthepaperis Outlining BodyThebodyisthemainpartofapaperandcontainsalltheideasandthemajorandminorsupportingdetails Inalongerpieceofacademicwriting suchasabook thebodymaycomprisemorethanonechapter Outlining ConclusionTheconclusion usuallyconsistingofoneorseveralparagraphs bringsthepapertoalogicalandsatisfactoryend Itrestatesthethesis summarizesthemainideas suggestssolutionstothequestionsdiscussed orindicatesthesignificanceofyourstudy Outlining Inmostcases thesisstatementisanimportantpartoftheintroduction Forwritingalongeracademicpaper youarestronglyadvisedtoputyourthesisstatementintheintroductionpartandmakeitexplicit Inaddition pleasekeepinmindthatyourthesisstatementcanalwaysberevisedandreformulatedduringdraftingandrevisingwhenyouthinkitisnecessary Formulatingthethesisstatement 中心论点或主题句 Outlining topicoutline phrasesOutlinesentenceoutline sentence Typesofoutline Part4Contentsofintroduction 第一层 Introducingtheimportanceoftheresearchareaandreviewingpreviousresearch第二层 Indicatingtheproblemthathasnotbeensolvedbyprevious raisingarelevantquestion第三层 Specifyingthepurposeofyourresearch SampleintroductionAnintroductiontoalinguisticthesisonpragmaticmetaphor ThewordmetaphorisfromtheancientGreekverbmetapherein andmeans tocarryover transfer Inrhetoric metaphorisatropeinwhichonethingisspokenofasifitweresomeotherthing Innaturallanguage metaphorissoubiquitousthatscholars whostudylanguageandcognition havecometorecognizethatnounderstandingoflanguageiscompletewithoutanadequateaccountofmetaphor Thesemetaphorsprovideexpressionsforexperiencesandconceptsforwhichliterallanguageseemsinsufficient therebyincreasingtherangeofarticulationpossiblewithinthelanguage MetaphorhasbeenstudiedinmanydisciplinesandfrommanyperspectivessinceAristotle Generallyspeaking metaphorhasbeenstudiedmainlyatthelexicallevelofthelanguage Sincethe1980s scholarshavestartedtoexaminethephenomenonatthegrammaticallevel i e grammaticalmetaphor Halliday 1994 Hallidayhasthecomment Thereisastronggrammaticalelementinrhetoricaltransference andoncewehaverecognizedthiswefindthatthereisalsosuchathingasgrammaticalmetaphor wherethevariationisessentiallyinthegrammaticalformsalthoughoftenentailingsomelexicalvariationaswell 1994 341 342 Thecontinuationofmetaphorsthroughtheages acrossculturesandpervasiveexistenceatdifferentlevelsoflanguageindicatesthatthemetaphoricaluseoflanguageisnotlimitedtothelexicalorgrammaticallevelandisamulti levelphenomenoninlanguagecommunication Thepresentpaperattemptstoapplyrecenttheoriesoflinguistics systemicfunctionallinguisticsinparticular totheanalysisofmetaphoricaluseoflanguageatthepragmaticallevel i e pragmaticmetaphor Thepaperwillfirstdefine pragmaticmetaphor andthenexaminetwomajorkindsofpragmaticmetaphor dysphemisticmetaphorsandeuphemisticmetaphors Thedefinitionofmetaphoranditsfunctioninrhetoric etc 2 Thepreviousstudyofmetaphoratdifferentlevels 3 Thepurposeofthepresentstudyanditsfocus Ananalysisofcomponentsintheintroduction Sample1Theorganizationofanintroduction 元认知策略是为了成功学习一门语言而采用的管理步骤 包括选择注意 计划与安排 评价 Oxford1990 20 这种自我管理策略对学习成绩的提高和自主学习的培养起着非常重要的作用 而对外语学习者进行元认知策略培训被认为是提高策略使用水平 自主学习能力和学习成绩的有效途径 O Malley Chamot1990 184 86 在过去的二十年里 国内外对于元认知策略的研究日益增多 其中著名研究者有Chamot 1987 O Malley Chamot 1990 Oxford 1990 Wenden 1991 1999 Green Oxford 1995 Dreyer Oxford 1996 Park1997 文秋芳 1996 文秋芳和王海啸 1996 李炯英 2002 王笃勤 2002 刘彗君 2004 这些研究结果不尽相同 但基本都认为学习成功者和不成功者之间的元认知策略使用存在差异且该策略与学习成绩具有相关性 尽管成就斐然 但与其他学习策略的研究相比较 元认知策略的研究仍处于较低的水平 而对外语学习者的元认知策略培训则更为少见 进行过培训研究的主要有下列学者 O Malley Chamot 1990 Oxford 1990 Wenden 1991 Weaver Cohen 1997 Cohen 1998 纪康丽 2002 吕长弘 2001 苏远连 2003 杨坚定 2003 张彦君 2004 上述培训多为讲座或短期集中训练 迄今为止还没有专门针对英语学习不成功者的为期较长的元认知策略培训 TheComponentsofanIntroduction1 AbriefofMSandMStraining2 AbriefofthestudyonMS3 AbriefoftheresearchdoneonMStraining4 Limitationoftheprevioustraining TheChineseintroduction Sample2Theorganizationofanintroduction JaneEyreisthemasterpieceofCharlotteBronte Publishedin1847 thenoveltookthegeneralreadingpublicbystormwithitssuperficial lyromanticlovestorycombinedwithatragictaleofthemadwomanlockedintheattic Fromthenon ithasreceivedextensivecomments Nevertheless theimageofmadwoman BerthaMasonisneglectedbymostofthescholarsforalongtimewhiletheimageofJane aself respecting decisive youngwomanwhostrugglesforindependenceandclaimsequaltreatmentandrightsfromthemale dominatedsocietyisthefocusofthepubliccommentsandcriticism BerthaMasoninJaneEyreisthemadwomanbeinglockedintheatticinThornfield AllwelearnaboutherisfromRochester saccount Shehasbeendeprivedoftherightandopportunitytospeakforanddefendherself Howeverinrecentyears undertheimpetusofthefeministmovementandcriticism theimageofmadwomaninJaneEyrehascometoarousemoreandmoreinterestandatten tion Somecriticsholdthattheimageofmadwomanservesonlyasaccessoriesinpushingforwardtheplot someseeitasaproofthatthenovelJaneEyrebearssomecharacteristicsoftheGothicNovel someadvisethatthismadwomanisthe animal aspectsofwomanhood someevenputforwardthatthemadwomanisanothersuppressedJaneEyre Theanalysisofthismadwomannevercomestoanend Thispaperwillfocusonthismysteriousandpitifulmadwomanaimingtoshowthatsheisdesertedbythemale dominatedworldandservesasasocialvictiminthenovel andfindtheauthor sfemininevoiceimpliedinthenovel Whatismore thispaperwilldiscussthelimitationsofthismadwoman AlthoughBerthaMason smiserablepositiondeservesoursympathy sheisnotapraisedfigureinthenovel Shehasherownlimitations Andherownlimitations tosomeextent causeherfailureinstrugglingforself recognition SothispapernotonlyfocusesonBerthaMason smiserablepositionanddesperatestrugglesbutalsoonherlimitations TheComponentsoftheIntroduction1 abriefcommentofthenovel2 Acommentonthecharactertreated3 Thepreviousresearchintothecharacter4 Thepurposeandfocusofthestudy Part5Developmentofbody 毕业论文常用的几种基本结构形式 毕业论文常用的几种基本结构形式 总提分述 先提出中心论点 然后分别从几个方面去论证 阐明中心论点 总提 分述 先分论后总论 从几个方面比较分析 然后归纳起来得出结论 总提 分述 总论 总提分述总论第二层次第一层次第三层次第五层次第四层次总提 分述 总论三者兼而有之 推进式 一步一步深入 是由浅入深的论证方法 Part6Writingofconclusion 结语应是论文最后的总体结语 主要反映论文的目的 解决问题及最后的结论 结语启迪新思想 给读者留有思考的余地 让读者动脑 寻找在现实生活中可运用论文观点的场合 写出适合自己论文题目与内容的结语 Strategiesusedinthewritingofconclusion 综合要点得出结论法解决问题提出建议法重申论点预测未来法 Example1 PrideandPrejudicesuccessfullyportraysasuccessionofwomenimages orrathertheirmarriages ThefirstkindofmarriagelikeLydia swasconstructedonsexandimpulseoffeeling ItwasnotstrangethatLydiawhohadnoluckinherlifeshouldchoosethiskindofmarriageforthe18thcenturywasatimeinfavorofsenses ThesecondkindofmarriageliketheonebetweenCharlotteandCollinswasbasedonafortune Becausetherewasnolifesecurityforwomeninthatsociety theywerenotabletosupportthemselveswithoutafortune Thuswomenconsideredmarriagetheironlyhopeofsecurity ThethirdkindofmarriagewasDarcyandElizabeth smarriage Theygotmarriednotonlyoutofthesense butalsooutoftheirdeepaffections Therewaslove romanceandhappinessintheirmarriage ThesamewastrueofthemarriagebetweenJaneandBingley ThroughLydiaandCharlotte JaneandElizabeth JaneAustininthenovelrevealsheridealonmarriage Thesocialpositionandmoneyarenottheonlystandardtomeasureasuccessfulmarriage loveisalsoaveryimportantelementtobeconsideredinanidealmarriage Itistrueofthepast andprobablynowandthefuture Example2 InteachingchildrenEnglish interestisessential Inordertoarouseandkeepchildren sinterestinEnglish teachersmust accordingtochild spsychologicalcharacteristics usevariousmethodsandcreateahappyenvironmentforchildrentolearnEnglishandenjoythemselvesatthesametime Teacherscouldcreateapleasant relaxedandevencompletingsituationbyaskingstudentstouseEnglishataspecifictimeandplacesuchasEnglishday storytellingcorner poetryreadingandspellingcompetition Thesevariousactivitiesinandoutofclasscanhelpcreatesomesituationsinwhichimagination humorandenthusiasmaremixedtomakeanattractivelessonsuccessfullyandtoarousestudents interestinordertoleadthemtolearnEnglishbetter TeacherscouldbeverycreativeinteachingchildrenEnglishbymakinggooduseofbothintrinsicmotivationandextrinsicmotivationandconvertingchildren sextrinsicmotivationintotheintrinsiconesoastopromotetheirdevelopmentinstudy Example3 Fromtheancienttimetothepresent theChinesedietandthewesterndiethavetheirownwaysofdevelopment asaresult theyhavedevelopedtheirownfoodfeaturesandshowntheirdifferentdietarycultures TheChinesefoodstressesmoreon seasoning whilethewesternfoodfocusesmoreonscientificandnourishingcomposition However inrecentyears withmorecommunicationofinternationalcultures itfollowsthatChinaandthewestwouldlearnfromeachotherforabetterfutureofnutritionalandhealthysystemoffood Fromthecomparisonofthedietaryculturesinmanyaspects notonlyforeignersknowmoreaboutthecultureofChina buttheChinesepeoplearealsoacquaintedwiththesociallifeofthewest Asitgoeson thedietaryculturecommunicationwillhavethetendencyofdietaryharmonization Part7Drafting revisionandproofreading Drafting撰写初稿若用英文些论文 写第一稿时不必拘泥于英语语法 拼写等语言问题 注意力应集中在表达思想上 提纲越详细 初稿越容易写 初稿中应将拟引用的材料全部写上 但是内容安排可能随时需作更改 而更改有可能影响引用材料的位置 因此编号的工作留到后面去做 Revision修改初稿写二稿时应再次检查论文结构 检查论文结构是否易于读者抓住要点 内容表达是否清晰连贯 写第二稿时应注意提高语言质量 改正语法错误 注意遣词造句 必要时可重写某些段落 写第二稿时 论文中引用哪些资料已经基本确定 此时可以编制文献参考资料目录 若论文的组织结构不再做任何改动 可谓引用材料分别顺次编号 并将引用材料的出处按照顺序排列 编制尾注 写第三稿时应再次检查语法 用词 拼写以及标点符号 检查引语编号是否有遗漏 至此论文基本就绪 只需最后润色 定稿 Part8Writingtheabstract Writingtheabstract Whatisanabstract Anabstractisashortdescription oranaccuratecondensation ofthecontentsofapieceofwriting Anabstracthassimilaritywithapr cis proposal synopsis orasummary Majortypesofabstracts 1 Descriptive2 Informative Descriptiveabstractsusuallydescribewhatthepaperisabout thetopic purpose scope andmethodofthepaper Ithelpsthereadertodecideiftheywillreadthepaper Butitusuallydoesnotofferinformationaboutdetailsofresults conclusionsorrecommendations Informativeabstractsareusuallylongerthandescriptiveabstracts Theyareusuallywrittenaftertheresearchorthepaperhasbeenfinished Theynotonlydescribethetopic purpose scopeandthemethodoftheresearchorthepaper butalsoprovidetheinformationaboutresults conclusions orrecommendations Intheory abstractsareclassifiedintodescriptiveandinformative Inpractice thesetwotypesofwritingtechniquescanbeusedinoneabstract Suchanabstractiscalleddescriptive informativeabstract Maincomponentsofanabstract1 Purposeorscopeofthepaper 2 Methodofwritingormethodoftheresearchdiscussedinthepaper 3 Results conclusionsand orrecommendations ForaBAthesis anabstractisusually200 300words TheabstractisnumberedinRoman notinArabicnumerals Abstractsshouldcontainnoquotationsortables usenoacronymsandfigures andmustbeself contained Thelengthofanabstract Keywords 关键词是为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容的单词或术语 一般每篇论文应选取3 5个词作为关键词 关键词间用分号分隔 并按Tab键空格 最后一个词后不打标点符号 以显著的字符排在摘要的下方 Asampleabstractofpragmaticmetaphor Metaphoriscommonlyknownastheuseofawordorphrasedenotingonekindofideaorobjectinplaceofanotherwordorphraseforthepurposeofsuggestingalikenessbetweenthetwo Thepresentpaperattemptstoapplyrecenttheoriesoflinguistics systemicfunctionallinguisticsinparticular totheanalysisofmetaphoricaluseoflanguageatthepragmaticallevel i e pragmaticmetaphor Thepaperwillfirstgivesadefinitionof pragmaticmetaphor andthenexaminetwomajorkindsofpragmaticmetaphor dysphemisticmetaphorsandeuphemisticmetaphors Dysphemisticmetaphormeanstheuseofgood sounding positiveandpolitelanguagewithanintentiontoexpressattitudesofdisrespecttowardsthelisteneroraudienceinthecommunication Euphemisticmetaphor onthecontrary referstotheuseofaggressive impoliteandirregularlanguagewithgood friendlyandevenaffectionatefeelingsfromthespeaker Themajorargumentdevelopedintheanalysisisthateverydaylanguageisthoroughlysuffusedwithmetaphorsandthatthismetaphoricaluseoflanguageexistsatdifferentlevelsoflanguage lexical grammaticalandpragmatic Theyareallpragmaticstrategiesincommunication Ananalysisofthecomponentsintheabstract1 Definitionofmetaphor2 Purposeofthepaper3 Focusoftheresearch4 Definitionsoftwoterms 5 Findingsorconclusion Asampleabstractofaliteraturework SincethepublicationofCharlotteBronte smasterpieceJaneEyrein1847ithasreceivedagreatdealofcriticism Inrecentyears undertheimpetusofthefeministmovement BerthaMason themadwomaninthenovelhasbecomethecenterofmanyscholars attention Writingtheabstract BerthaMasoninthenovelisthemadwomanbeingconfinedintheatticatThornfield Beforehermarriage shehasbeenabeautifulnoblelady Differentcriticshavedifferentviewsonhermadness Howeverthispaperdoesn tconcentrateonwhatcausedhermadnessorhowhermadnessisdefinedbythemen centeredsocietyjustasmanyscholarshavebeendoing ThispapermainlyfocusesonRochester streatmentandattitudetowardherwife smadness Bertha sstruggleforself recognition andBerthaMason sownlimitationsinhercharacter Throughtheanalysisofthismadwoman thispaperconcludesthatBertha likemostotherwomenofhertime isavictim Herlaughistheutteranceofasufferingspirit herattackisawoman srebelliousimpulse andherdeathisasymbolofthewomen sunwillingtosubmittotheman centeredworld ButBerthaisnotapraisedfigure Shehasherownlimitations Theselimitationspartlycauseherfailureinstrugglingforrecognitioninthemale centeredworld Keywords madwoman patriarchalsociety desperatestruggles Bertha slimitations Maincomponentsofanabstract1 Purposeofthepaper 2 Focusoftheresearch 3 results conclusionsand orrecommendations 汉语摘要内容和英文内容对应 Part9Thewritingofacknowledgements 致谢应以简短的文字对课题研究与论文撰写过程中间直接给予帮助的人员表示自己的谢意 这不仅是一种礼貌 也是对他人劳动的尊重 是治学者应有的思想作风 致谢的对象一般包括在研究工作中提出指导意见 提出建议和提供帮助的人 例如指导教师 答疑教师及其他人员 致谢结尾处应签上 或打印上 论文撰写人姓氏和名字的首字母 initials Sample1 AcknowledgementsIexpressmydeepestgratitudetomysupervisorProfessorAnHong whohasgivenmethemostvaluableadvicefromtheverybeginningofmystudyandspentsomanyhoursinpolishingthelanguageandimprovingthepointsofviewofmythesis AndIthankforhercarefulreadingandcorrectingthemanuscriptofthisthesis Thispaperwouldnothavecomeintobeingwithoutherhelp Veryspecialthanksalsogotowww e signs infoandProfessorLuHefafromBeijingInternationalStudiesUniversity Theyhaveprovidedmewithvaluablematerialsandinformation Sample2 AcknowledgementsIamprofoundlyindebtedtomysupervisor ProfessorLiuZhenqian whoprovideshisexpertguidance direction encouragementandsupportthroughoutmyMAgraduatestudy Hisassistanceinthisendeavorisimmenselyappreciated IamalsosincerelygratefultoProf WangShouyuan Prof LiYuchen Prof MiaoXingwei Prof LiXuezhen Prof NiuYumei Prof Shengwen Prof Lumin Prof Wangying etc whogivemevaluedlessonsandlecturesduringtheperiodofmystudyintheForeignLanguagesSchoolofShandongUniversity Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmyheartfeltthankstosomeofmyclassmates myfriends mycolleagues andmyfamilymembers Withouttheirtimelyandcordialhelpthisthesiswouldhavebeenimpossible Sample3 AcknowledgementsIofferthankstoallthosewhohavehelpedmeinmanyways Primarily wordsfailmeinexpressingmyappreciationtomysupervisorLiGuichun forhiseffectivesupervision thought provokingcomments unfailingattentiontothestudyaswellashiskindnessIcouldalwaysfeel givingmeencouragementandconfidence Withouthisguidanceandhelp thisthesi