国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)周瑞琪6.Cargo Transportation Insuranceppt课件

ChapterSix CargoTransportationInsurance 2 Learningobjectives AfterlearningthischapteryouwillbeabletounderstandthefundamentalprinciplesofcargoinsurancebeawareoftherisksandlossesinoceantransportationoutlinethescopeoftheOceanMarineCargoClausesofCICframethecoverageofLondonInstituteCargoClausesunderstandtheprocedureforlodgingclaimsdescribemethodsofstipulatinginsuranceclausesinSalesContracts 3 Definitions Definitionofinsurance thepracticeofsharingamongmanypersons risksoflifeorpropertythatwouldotherwisebesufferedbyonlyafew Definitionofmarinecargoinsurance theinsurantenterswithaninsurancecompanyand oranunderwriterintoacontractofinsuranceinwhichtheinsurancecompanyofaninsurancepremiumandtheinsurancecompanywill accordingtothetermsindicatedintheinsurancecontract indemnifytheinsurantofanylossthatoccurswithinthescopeofcoverage 4 Partiesinvolvedinaninsurancepractice theinsurant insured assuredThepartythatprocuresinsuranceCanbetheexporterorimporterdependingontheIncotermsadoptedinthetransactiontheinsurerThepartyundertakingtoindemnifytheinsurantagainstlossesordamagesCanbetheinsurancecompany underwriterInChina PICCisusuallytheinsurertheclaimantTheinsurantmaynotnecessarilybetheclaimantDependingon whohastheinsurableinterestofthegoodswhenthegoodsaredamagedorlost 5 6 1Fundamentalprinciples TheInsurableInterestPrincipleTheUtmostGoodFaithPrincipleTheIndemnityPrincipleTheProximatePrincipleTheSubrogationPrincipleTheSharePrinciple 6 6 1 1Theinsurableinterestprinciple Definition ThefinancialinterestofapersoninthesubjectmatterinsuredFormsofinsurableinterest OwnershipofthegoodsChargeofinsuranceFreightApolicywithoutinsurableinterestisinvalidProofofinsurableinterestisrequiredatthetimeofmakingaclaim notatthetimeofeffectinganinsurance 7 6 1 2TheUtmostGoodFaithPrinciple BonaFidePrinciple BothpartiesbefaithfulandhonestinenteringintotheinsurancecontractMarineInsuranceAct1906 IftheUtmostGoodFaithPrincipleisnotobservedbyeitherparty theotherpartymayavoidthecontractAvoidanceofthecontractThereisnofraudandtheContractisvalid serveasevidenceinacourtoflawUsuallyoccurswhenaninsurerrefusestopayaclaim theinsuredhastherighttochallengetheinsurer srighttoavoidthecontractAvoidcontracthasnolegalvaluecannotserveasevidenceinacourtoflaw 8 6 1 3TheIndemnityPrinciple DefinitionIntheeventoflossofordamagetothesubjectmatterresultingfromaninsuredperil heorsheisplacedinthesameposition notinabetterorworsepositionthan thatheorsheenjoyedimmediatelybeforethelossoccurredMeansofeffectingindemnityIntheory byreplacingtheshipsorgoodslostordamagedInpractice bypayinganamountofmoneyequaltothevalueofthegoodslostordamagedExtentofindemnity totalindemnificationbelimitedtotheinsuranceamount 110 oftheinsuredvaluetheactuallosssufferedtheinsurableinterestoftheclaimant 9 6 1 4TheProximateCausePrinciple AbouttheProximateCausePrincipleemployedinthejudgmentofcausationbetweenaccidentsandlossesreferstothemajorand oreffective notnecessarythefirstorthelast butthedominant causethathasledtotheaccident Theinsurershallonlyberesponsibleforthelossresultedfromthedominantcause 10 6 1 4TheProximateCausePrinciple HowtodecidetheproximatecauseIncaseofonlyonecausewithininsurancecoverage theinsurershallindemnifybeyondinsurancecoverage theinsurershallnotberesponsibleforthelossIncaseoftwoormorethantwocausesIfallcausesarewithintheinsurancecoverage theinsurerholdresponsiblefortheloss 11 6 1 4TheProximateCausePrinciple HowtodecidetheproximatecauseIftheformercauseiswithinthescopeofinsurancecoverageandthelatteroneisoutofthescopeofinsurancecoverage providedthereisadirectchainofcausationbetweenthem theformercauseisregardedastheproximatecauseandtheinsurershallbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage Iftheformercauseiswithintheexclusionofthecoverageandthereisadirectchainofcausationbetweentheformerandlattercause theproximatecauseisconsideredoutofthescopeofinsurancecoverageandtheinsurerneednotbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage 12 6 1 5TheSubrogationPrinciple DefinitionWhenthelossofthepropertyinsurediscausedbyathirdparty theinsurerisautomaticallyentitledtocompensationfromthethirdpartyafterindemnificationhasbeenmadetotheinsurant Therightofsubrogationisexercisedeitherinthenameoftheinsurerorthatoftheinsured TheamountrecoveredTheamountrecoveredshallbelimitedtotheamountoftheclaimpaidundertheinsurance Iftheinsurermayrecovermorethantheamountpaidbyhimasaclaim hemustpassthesurplusproceedstotheinsured 13 6 1 6TheSharePrinciple DefinitionUnderthecircumstanceofdoubleinsurance alltheinsurersshalljointlybearthelossonthesubjectmatterandsharethelossaccordingtotheirrespectiveinsuranceproportion Doubleinsurancetheinsuredhastheriskscoveredbytwodifferentinsurancecompaniesupontheidenticalinterestintheidenticalsubjectmatter Eachinsurerisnormallyonlyliable incaseoftotalloss topaytheinsuredtotheextentofthesumwrittenagainsthisownname theamountofhissubscription incaseofpartialloss someproportionofthatsum 14 6 2MarineRisksandLosses Perilsofthesea海上风险 External Extraneousrisks外来风险 Risks风险 Naturalcalamities自然灾害 Unexpectedaccidents fortuitousaccidents意外事故 Generalrisks一般外来风险 Specialrisks特殊外来风险 15 6 2 1MarineRisks TwotypesofrisksPerilsoftheseaNaturalcalamitiesCausedbyforcemajeureeventssuchasheavyweather lightening Tsunami earthquake volcaniceruption thunderbolt etc Unexpectedaccidents fortuitousaccidentsCausedbyaccidentssuchasfire explosion vesselbeingstranded grounded sunkorcapsized collision missing etc 16 6 2 1MarineRisks Externalrisks extraneousrisksGeneralrisksCausedbycommonfactorssuchastheft freshwaterrain shortage leakage clashandbreakage odor heatingandsweating hookdamage rust breakageofpacking etc SpecialrisksCausedbymilitaryfactors politicalfactors governmentregulationssuchaswar striking confiscation etc 17 6 2 2MarineLosses Totalloss全部损失 Partialloss部分损失 Losses损失 Actualtotalloss实际全损 Constructivetotalloss推定全损 Generalaverage共同海损 Particularaverage单独海损 18 6 2 2MarineLosses TwotypesoflossesTotalLoss lossoftheentirevalueofthesubjectmatterActualtotallosscargohasbeentotallylostorhasbeendamagedtotheextentthatithaslostitsoriginalusageConstructivetotallosscargoisnottotallylost buttheactualtotallossshallbeunavoidableortherestorationfeestogetherwithothermiscellaneousexpenseswillexceedtheanticipatedamountofprofit 19 6 2 2MarineLosses PartialLoss apartialdamagetoorthetotallossofpartoftheinsuredcargo ParticularaverageApartiallossofthesubjectmatterinsuredcauseddirectlybyaperilinsuredagainst NoothercargosacrificedtosavethevoyageTheownerwhosufferedthedamagerefertotheinsurancecompanyprovidedhispolicycoversthespecificloss GeneralaverageApartial deliberatesacrificeoftheship freight orcargo oradditionalexpensesincurredtorescueashipanditscargofromimpedingdangerorforthecommonsafetyoftheadventureunderaperiloftheseaorsomeotherhazards 20 GeneralAverage ConditionsforgeneralaverageDangerthreateningcommonsafetymateriallyexists notforeseen Measuresshallbetakendeliberately reasonablyforcommoninterest aimingtoremovethecommondangerofbothvesselandcargoSacrificeshallnotbecausedbyperilsdirectlySacrificeisspecialized expensesareadditional notwithinoperationbudget Actionsshallbesuccessfulinsavingthevoyage 21 Generalaverage G A ContributionThepartysufferingG A isentitledtoaratablecontributionfromtheotherpartiesinterested Twokindsofgeneralaverageloss SacrificeofpartofthevesselorcargoExpensesincurredLoss expensesshallbesharedamongcarrier cargoownersinproportiontotheirrespectiveinterestedvaluebenefitedfromtheG A 22 Generalaverage ThecalculationofG A ContributionToidentifythetotalgeneralaverageloss TotalGAloss thesumofsacrifices theextraordinaryexpensesToidentifythetotalgeneralaveragecontributoryvalue Thecontributoryvaluereferstothevalueofpropertysavedastheresultofthegeneralaverageact TotalGAcontributoryvalue theactualvalueofthepropertysaved GAlossexcludingadditionalexpensesTocalculatethegeneralaveragepercentage Tospecifytheindividualgeneralaveragecontributionofallpartiesconcerned GAContribution ContributoryValue GApercentage 23 Generalaverage IllustrationSupposeacargovesselloadedwithcargoofPartyAandPartyBstrandedintransit Tosavethevesselaswellasthegoodsonit themasterorderedtothrow1000casesofgoodstothesea ThevalueofthegoodsthrownoverboardforPartyAis20 ofhisgoods thetotalvalueofhisgoodsisCNY20000 andthatforPartyBis10 ofhisgoods thetotalvalueofhisgoodsisCNY60000 ExtrawagesfortheseamentoperformtheactamountedtoCNY5000 ThevalueofthevesselisaboutCNY5000000 BasedontheinformationabovewhatistheG A contributionforeachpartyinvolved 24 Generalaverage Calculation TotalGAloss 20000 x20 60000 x10 5000 CNY15000TotalGAcontributoryvalue 20000 x80 60000 x90 5000000 20000 x20 60000 x10 CNY5080000GApercentage TotalGAloss TotalGAContributoryvalue x100 15000 5080000 x100 0 295 G A ContributionbyPartyA 20000 x0 295 CNY59G A ContributionbyPartyB 60000 x0 295 CNY177G A ContributionbytheCarrier 5000000 x0 295 CNY14750 25 Generalaverage GoverningRuletheInternationalGeneralAverageRules2004 alsoreferredtoastheYork AntwerpRules2004 DifferencesbetweenGAandPACausesPAisusuallycauseddirectlybyseaperils GAiscausedbyintentionalmeasurestakentosavethecommoninterest IndemnificationPAisoftenbornebythepartywhosecargoisdamagedGAshouldbeproportionallycontributedamongallpartiesbenefitedfromtheintentionalmeasures 26 6 2 3Expensesincurred TwotypesofexpensesSueorlaborexpensesWhenthesubjectmattersufferstheriskswithininsurancecoveragetheinsuredtakesmeasurestoavertorminimizethelossordamagetothesubjectmatterinsured TheinsurerpayssueorlaborexpensestotheinsuredSalvagechargeWhenthesubjectmattersufferstheriskswithininsurancecoverageAthirdparityotherthantheinsuredtakesmeasurestosavethesubjectmatterIfthesalvageeffectiveandsuccessful chargescanberecovered No Cure No Pay principle 27 6 3CoverageofmarinecargoinsuranceofCIC BasiccoverageTypesFPA FreefromParticularAverage WPA WithParticularAverage A R AllRisks FeaturesCanbecoveredindependentlyAdditionalcoverageTypesGeneraladditionalinsurancecoverageSpecialadditionalinsurancecoverageFeaturesShouldgowithbasiccoverage 28 6 3 1Basicinsurancecoverage FPANon liabilityofindemnificationtoaparticularaverageThemostlimitedscopeofcoverageWPA WA OnestepfurtherfromFPA thepartiallossoftheinsuredgoodscauseddirectlybynaturalcalamitiesWPA FPA partiallossduetonaturalcalamitiesARMostcomprehensivecoverageAllrisksshallnotcoverallrisks excludingspecialadditionalcoverageandexclusionsAR WPA generaladditionalinsurancecoverage 29 30 6 3 2AdditionalInsuranceCoverage TypesofadditionalcoverageGeneraladditionalinsurancecoverage 11types TPND Theft PilferageandNon delivery 偷窃提货不着险FreshWaterRainDamage淡水雨淋险RiskofShortage短量险RiskofIntermixtureandContamination混杂沾污险RiskofLeakage渗漏险RiskofClashandBreakage碰损破碎险RiskofOdor串味险DamagecausedbyHeatingandSweating受热受潮险HookDamage勾损险RiskofRust生锈险LossforDamageCausedbyBreakageofPacking包装破裂险 31 6 3 2AdditionalInsuranceCoverage TypesofadditionalcoverageSpecialadditionalcoverage 8types WarRisk战争险Strikes Riots Commotions S R C C 罢工民变险FailuretoDeliveryRisk交货不到险ImportDutyRisk进口关税险OnDeckRisk舱面风险RejectionRisk拒收险AflatoxinRisk黄曲霉素险FireriskextensionclauseforstorageofcargoatdestinationHongkong includingLowloonorMacao出口货物到香港 包括九龙在内 或澳门在存仓火险责任扩张险 32 6 3 3Exclusions lossordamagebytheintentionalactorfaultoftheinsured lossordamageundertheliabilityoftheconsignor lossordamagefromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsuredgoodspriortotheattachmentofthisinsurance lossordamagefromnormalloss inherentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoods lossofmarketand ordelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingtherefrom Inherentvice theinherenttendencyofthecargotodeteriorateduetotheessentialinstabilityofthecomponentsorinteractionamongcomponentsnotresultedfromexternalcause Risksandliabilitiesexcludedbytheoceanmarinecargowarrisksclausesandstrike riotandcivilcommotionclausesofC I C 33 6 3 4DurationofBasicInsurance Thisreferstotheperiodthroughoutwhichtheinsurancecompanyundertakesaninsuranceliability usuallyfollowsWarehousetoWarehouseClause W WClause FromthetimethegoodsinsuredleavethewarehousenamedinthePolicyforthecommencementofthetransitUntiltheinsuredgoodsaredeliveredtotheconsignee sfinalwarehouseatthedestinationnamedinthePolicyLimitedto60daysafterthecompletionofdischargeoftheinsuredgoodsfromtheseagoingvesselatthefinalportofdischargebeforetheyreachtheabovementionedwarehouse 34 6 3 4DurationofBasicInsurance WarRiskW WClausenotsuitableforW R FromthetimethegoodsinsuredloadedonboardthevesselnamedinthePolicyforthecommencementofthetransitUntiltheinsuredgoodsareunloadedfromthenamedvesselattheportofdestinationnamedinthePolicyIfnotunloaded limitedto15daysafterthemidnightofthedaywhenthevesselarriveattheportofdestination 35 6 4CoverageofmarinecargoinsuranceofICC LondonInstituteCargoClauses ICC InstituteCargoClauses A ICC A InstituteCargoClauses B ICC B InstituteCargoClauses C ICC C InstituteWarClauses CargoInstituteStrikeClauses CargoMaliciousDamageClauses 36 6 4CoverageofmarinecargoinsuranceofICC ICC A B C haveindependentandcompletestructureandcanbecoveredseparatelyInstituteWar StrikeClausealsohaveindependentandcompletestructure butcanbecoveredseparatelyonlyafteragreementfromtheinsurer MaliciousDamageClausesisanadditionalcoverageandcannotbecoveredindependently 37 38 6 5Othertypesofcargoinsurance TwotypesofoverlandinsuranceOverlandTransportationRisk WPAOverlandtransportationAllRisks A R Durationofinsurance W WclauseTwotypesofairinsuranceAirtransportationRisk WPAAirtransportationAllRisks A R Durationofinsurance W Wclause buttheinsuranceshallbelimitedto30daysaftercompletionofdischargeoftheinsuredgoodsfromtheaircraftatthefinalairportofdischarge 39 6 5Othertypesofcargoinsurance TwotypesofparcelpostinsuranceParcelpostRisk WPAParcelpostAllRisks A R Durationofinsurance W Wclause butinthecaseoffailureofdelivery wherethedurationofinsuranceterminatesontheexpiryof15dayscountingfromthemidnightofthedaywhenthenoticeofarrivaloftheparcelisissuedbythepostofficeatthedestination Note additionalrisksunderOceanMarineCargoInsurancecanbeapplicabletoOverlandTransportationInsurance AirTransportationInsuranceandParcelPostInsurance 40 6 6Proceduresofcargoinsurance TocalculatetheinsuranceamountTodeterminetheinsurancecoverageToobtaintheinsurancepremiumrateToapplyformarineinsuranceandpaytheinsurancepremiumToobtainaninsurancedocumentTolodgeaninsuranceclaimatthetimeoflossordamage 41 6 6 1Tocalculatetheinsuranceamount Insuranceamount theamountofinsuranceindicatedintheinsurancepolicyandagreeduponbytheinsurantandtheinsurerThehighestamountofindemnitybytheinsurerinthecaseoftotallossThebasisforthecalculationofinsurancepremiumInsuranceamount CIF CIP 1 markuprate Markupcoverstheexpectedprofitandincidentalcostsincurred Markuprateisnormally10 42 6 6 2Todeterminetheinsurancecoverage TheinsurancecoverageforCIForCIPisminimumcoverage i e F P A coverageasperC I C FactorsinfluencingtheinsurancecoverageforotherIncotermsthenatureofproductthepackingconsiderationsthecarriersofthetransporttheshippingrouteportsconsiderations etc 43 6 6 3Toobtaintheinsurancepremiumrate Insurancepremiumratecanbeobtainedfromtheinsurancecompany Normallyvaryfrom0 5 to2 5 ormoreThevariationofpremiumdependsonfactorssuchasthecarryingvesselthenatureofthepackingusedthetypeofcoverageneededthepreviousexperiencewiththeinsurerthenatureandvolumeofthegoodsinsuredthemodesoftransportationadopted 44 6 6 4Toapplyformarineinsuranceandpaytheinsurancepremium Forapplying oneneedstofillinaproposalformorapplicationform Specimen6 1 Detailsincludethenameoftheinsured quantity packing shippingmarks insuranceamount placeofshipmentanddestination nameofthecarryingconveyance shippingdateandcoverage etc Uponapplying oneneedstopaythepremiumtotheinsurer Insurancepremiumreferstothefeeschargedtotheinsuredbytheinsurerfortheindemnityliabilityundertaken Withoutpayingthepremium theinsurancecontractwon tbecomevalid InsurancePremium I insuranceamount premiumrate R CIF CIP 1 markuprate premiumrate R 45 6 6 5Toobtaininsurancedocuments FeaturesofinsurancedocumentsanevidenceoftheinsurancecontractadocumentdefiningtheobligationsoftheinsurerandtheinsuredthebasisforthelodgingandsettlingofaclaimMaininsurancedocumentsinsurancepolicyinsurancecertificateopenpolicycombinedcertificate 46 6 6 5Toobtaininsurancedocuments Insurancepolicy Specimen6 2 1 2 Formallegaldocument contractmadebasedontheproposalformDetailsindicatedonthefaceofthepolicy thename addressandsignatureoftheinsurerandtheinsuredadescriptionoftheriskscoveredandtheinsurancedurationadescriptionoftheconsignmentdetailsoftheshipmentsuchasmeansoftransport nameofvessel loadingportanddestinationporttheinsuranceamountandinsurancepremiumDetailedtermsconcerningthescopeofliability rightsandobligationsspecifiedattheback 47 6 6 5Toobtaininsurancedocuments InsurancecertificatesimplifiedInsurancePolicynodetailedtermsatthebackofthesamelegalvalidityasanInsurancePolicy 48 6 6 5Toobtaininsurancedocuments Openpolicyoropencoverprovidecoverageforallgoodsshippedbytheinsuredduringagivenperiod eg 6 12months whilethepolicyisineffect Includescopeofgoodstobeinsured insurancecoverage highestsuminsured premiumpaymenttermstipulatedOncethegoodswithinthescopeofopencoverareshipped theopencoverbecomeseffectiveautomaticallyNotifytheinsurerandexchangeforInsuranceCertificatelater 49 6 6 5Toobtaininsurancedocuments CombinedcertificateSimplifiedformofOpenPolicyBecomingeffective TheinsurerwritesthespecificationsconcerningtheinsuranceontheinvoiceandsignsitAslegallyeffectiveasanInsurancePolicyPresentlyusedonlyinHongkong Macao andareasinSingaporeandMalaysia 50 6 6 6Tolodgeaclaim PrerequisitesforaclaimRisksincurredshouldbewithininsurancecoverageClaimantshouldshowtheevidenceofinsurableinterestRisksshouldoccurwithinthedurationoftheinsuranceliability 51 6 6 6Tolodgeaclaim Stepsfollowedatthetimeoflossimmediatenoticetothenearestbranchoragencyintheeventofdamagetheinsurerorclaimagentthenappointsamarinesurveyor theadjuster toinspectthesubjectmatterThemarinesurveyorreportsonthecauseofthelossordamage thevalueofthecargo andtheextentofthedamage ThesurveyorthenissuesaCertificateofLoss CertificateofSurvey accompaniedusuallybythereportoffindings totheconsignee Theconsigneemayberequiredto