英语文体、阅读与解题2ppt课件

英语文体 阅读与解题 高考英语阅读理解解题指导之二 说明文说明文的题材 社会文化 历史地理 政治经济 科技自然 几乎无所不包 是高考英语阅读的主打文体 说明文的分类 事物说明文 说明事物特征 包括事物的形态 结构 种类 功能等 事理说明文 揭示问题的本源 实质 内在规律等 说明文三要素 说明对象 说明方法 说明顺序说明方法 举例子 列数字 打比方 作比较 分类别 下定义 作诠释 配图表 引资料 引观点说明顺序 时间顺序 空间顺序 逻辑顺序说明文的结构 与说明顺序密切相关 包括总分式 承接式 递进式 文章各部分之间呈并立 对比或递进关系 说明文的阅读与解题1 弄清说明对象 抓住对象特征 要说明的事物或事理往往在首段出现 事物说明文标注形态 结构 种类 功能等事物特征及评价 事理说明文标注起因 后果 现象 实质 规律等内容 2 分析说明顺序 理清文章结构 初读时标注方位词 年份 注意区分原因与结果 现象与本质 等3 归纳说明方法 分析说明作用 关键在于弄清作者使用什么方法说明什么事物或问题 检测 Inthe1800s serviceworkalsoabsorbedagreatnumberofwomenwhoarrivedinthecitiesfromthecountry Youngwomenespeciallytookjobsasservantsinmiddle classandupper classhomes andasmoreandmoremenweredrawnintoindustry domesticservice 家庭服务 becameincreasinglyafemalejob Inthesecondhalfofthecentury however chancesofotherserviceworkalsoopeneduptowomen fromsalesjobsinshopstoteachingandnursing Thesejobscametobedonemainlybywomenandlowpaid Domesticservicebecauseafemalejobmainlybecause A moreandmorewomenbegantoworkindomesticserviceB womenmainlyworkedasservants nurses andminersC serviceandindustrialjobsabsorbedmorewomenthanmenD womenenjoyedworkingassellers teachers andminers 1 1 Youcanlovethemorhatethem butnomatterwhichtouristdestinationyouvisit chancesarethatyou llseesomeonewiththeirheadburiedinaLonelyPlanetguidebook 2 LonelyPlanetisoneoftheworld slargesttravelguidebrands publishingmorethan500differentguidesineightlanguages Thepopularbrandalsoproducestelevisionshows websitesandpodcasts 播客 alldevotedtotravel 3 SomepeoplepraiseLonelyPlanetbooksbecausetheymaketravelingeasyandaffordable Theyalsosavetimeandmakesureyoudon tmissthebestthings 4 Theyalsoprovidethereviewsofhostels hotels restaurantsandticketinformationaboutyourdestination 5 Thiscanbegreatifyou reanervoustraveler orifyouhaven ttraveledbyyourselfbefore Ifyou reinacountrywhereyoudon tspeakthelanguage sometimesthere snothingbetterthangettingintoataxiandopeningupaguidebook Yousimplypointtoamapthatdirectsthetaxidrivertoahostelthat scheapandclean withfriendlystaffandcoldbeer 6 ButotherscriticizeLonelyPlanetandothertravelguidepublisherslikethem Theysayguidebookstakethefunandspontaneity 自发性 outoftraveling andthatpartoftheenjoymentoftravelcomesfromthefactthatanythingcanhappen Theyalsoregretthatifyoufollowaguidebook you llendupdoingthesamethingandhavingthesameexperienceaseveryoneelse Youmightendupseeingthesamegroupofpeopleoverandover becauseeveryoneisreadingthesamebookandfollowingthesameroute 7 Anothercriticismoftravelguidesisthattheyhavealargeimpactonlocalcommunities Forexample somelocalsdevotetheirlivestobehavinginwaysthatattracttourists Theypretendtoliveatraditionallifestyle weartraditionalclothesandliveintraditionalhousesinordertoattractthetouristdollar 本文通过引用正反两方观点 说明planetguidebook的优缺点 66 Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthetext standforParagraph1 7 2 6 5 4 3 1 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 7 7 7 6 6 6 A B C D 本文 IntheUnitedStates thereweresomewell constructedhousesfornativeIndians rangingfromthesimplebrushsheltertothefive storiedpueblo IntheeasternUnitedStates oneoftheexistingtypeswasthatcommonlyknownundertheAlgonkiannameofwigwaminwhichtheIroquoisIndianslived Thewigwamswereofwagon topshapewithstraightsidesandends madebybendingyoungtreestoformtheroundshape OverthisshapepiecesoftreebarkwerelaidtoprotecttheIndiansfrombadweather Overthebarkdriedgrasswasadded Asmallholeallowedsmoketoescapefromthetop Doorwaysateachendservedalsoaswindows TheIroquoisIndiansbuilttrunkwallsallaroundtheirvillages The wallhadonlyoneopening Theycouldquicklyclosethisopeningiftheirenemiescamenear Interestingly theChoctawIndiansinMississippialsolivedinawigwamofamostprimitive 原始的 construction butdifferentfromthoseoftheIroquoisIndians TheChoctawIndians wigwams madefrommud caneandstraw wereintheformofabee hive Thecoveringwasmadeofalong toughgrass Apostinthecentresupportedtheroof Aholeinthetopadmittedthelight andallowedthesmoketopassout Thetipitent housingoftheupperlakeandplainsareawasputupwithpolessetlightlyintheground tiedtogethernearthetop andcoveredwithbarkand grassinthelakecountry Itwaseasilyportable andtwowomencouldsetituportakeitdownwithinanhour ThePawnee MandanandotherIndiantribesalongtheMissouribuiltsolidring shapedstructuresoftrunk coveredwithearthanddriedgrass housingadozenfamilies TheWichitaandothertribesoftheTexasborderbuiltlargering shapedhousescoveredwithdriedgrass Apartfromtheregularhousing almosteverytribehadsomestyleofhousing 本文通过举例和比较的方法介绍well constructedhousesforthenativeIndians 3 AllthenativeIndianhousesdescribedinthepassagewere A ofthesameshapeB coveredwithgrassC builtwithapostinthecentreD builtwithdoorwaysateachend4 Thepassagesuggeststhat A allthenativeIndiansbuilttrunkwallsallaroundtheirhousesB allthenativeIndianhouseswerebuiltwithpolestiedtogetherC theIroquoisIndianstooksafetyintoaccountwhilebuildingtheirwigwamsD theChoctawIndiansinMississippibuilttheirwigwamswithstraightsidesandends 本文 Thinkaboutthedifferentwaysthatpeopleusethewind Youcanuseittoflyakiteortosailaboat Windisonelfourcleanestandrichestpowersources aswellasoneoftheoldest Evidenceshowsthatwindmills 风车 begantobeusedinancientIranbackintheseventhcenturyBC TheywerefirstintroducedtoEuropeduringthe1100s whenarmiesreturnedfromtheMiddleEastwithknowledgeofusingwindpower Formanycenturies peopleusedwindmillstogrind 磨碎 wheatintoourorpumpwaterfromdeepunderground Whenelectricitywasdiscoveredinthelate1800s peoplelivinginremoteareasbegantousethemtoproduceelectricity Thisallowedthemtohave electriclightsandradio However bythe1940swhenelectricitywasavailabletopeopleinalmostallareasoftheUnitedStates windmillswererarelyused Duringthe1970s peoplestartedbecomingconcernedaboutthepollutionthatiscreatedwhencoalandgasareburnedtoproduceelectricity Peoplealsorealizedthatthesupplyofcoalandgaswouldnotlastforever Then windwasrediscovered thoughitmeanshighercosts Today thereisaglobalmovementtosupplymoreandmoreofourelectricitythroughtheuseofwind 本文通过举例法介绍了不同时期人们对于风能的利用 61 Whatwasanewuseforwindpowerinthelate19thcentury A Sailingaboat B ProducingelectricityC Grindingwheatintoflour D Pumpingwaterfromunderground62 Oneofthereasonswindwasrediscoveredinthe1970sisthat A windpoweriscleanerB itisoneoftheoldestpowersourcesC itwascheapertocreateenergyfromwindD thesupplyofcoalandgasfailedtomeetneeds 本文 注意说明某个现象或问题的文章 这类说明文通常含有如下要素 what forms classification causes effects suggestions solutions 阅读时应留意并标注这些内容 Inaworldwithlimitedland waterandothernaturalresources theharmfromthetraditionalbusinessmodelisontherise Actually thepastdecadeshasseenmoreandmoreforestsdisappearingandglobebecomingincreasinglywarm Peoplenowrealizethatthisunhealthysituationmustbechanged andthatwemustbeabletodevelopinsustainableways Thatmeansgrowthwithlowcarbonordevelop mentofsustainableproducts Inotherwords weshouldkeeptheearthhealthywhileusingitssupplyofnaturalresources Today sustainabledevelopmentisapropertrendinmanycountries Accordingtoarecentstudy theglobalmarketforlow carbonenergywillbecomethreetimesbiggeroverthenextdecades China forexample hassetitsmindonleadingthatmarket hopingtoseizechancesinthenewroundoftheglobalenergyrevolution Itisnowtryinghardtomakefulluseofwindandsolarenergy andisspendingahugeamountofmoneymakingelectriccarsandhigh speedtrains Inaddition wearealsoseeinggreatgrowthintheglobalmarketsforsustainableproductssuchaspalmoil 棕榈油 whichisproducedwithoutcuttingdownvaluablerainforest Inrecentyearsthemarketsforsustainableproductshavegrownbyover50 Governmentscanfullydevelopthepotentialofthesenewmarkets First theycansethightargetsforreducingcarbonemissions 排放 andtargetsforsavingandreusingenergy Besides strongerarrangementofpublicresourceslikeforestscanalsohelptospeedupthedevelopment Finally govern mentscanavoidthehugeexpensesthataretakingusinthewrongdirection andredirectingsomeofthoseexpensescanacceleratethechangefromtraditionalmodeltoasustainableone Themajorchallengeofthiscenturyistofindwaystomeettheneedsofgrowingpopulationwithinthelimitsofthissingleplanet Thatisnosmalltask butitoffersabundantnewchancesforsustainableproductindustries 41 ThetraditionalbusinessmodelisharmfulbecauseofallthefollowingEXCEPTthat A ItmakestheworldwarmerB itconsumesnaturalresourcesC itbringsseveredamagetoforestsD itmakesgrowthhardtocontinue43 Tofullydevelopthelow carbonmarkets governmentscan A cutpublicexpensesB forbidcarbonemissionC developpublicresourcesD encourageenergyconservation 本文 回顾 Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious butsometypesaredeadly Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms Certainmicroorganismscausemosttypesoffoodpoisoning Bacteriaandothermicroorganismscanpoisoneggs meat vegetables andmanyotherfoods Afterenteringthebody thesetinylivingthingsreleasepoisonsthatmakepeoplesick Somechemicalscanalsocausefoodpoisoning Theyareoftenaddedtofoodwhileitisbeinggrown processed orprepared Forexample manyfarmersspraychemicalsoncropstokillweedsandinsects Somepeoplemayhaveabadreactiontothosechemicalswhentheyeatthecrops Someplantsandanimalscontainnaturalpoisonsthatareharmfultopeople Theseincludecertainkindsofseafood grains nuts seeds beans andmushrooms Whenpeoplehandlefoodproperly theriskoffoodpoisoningisverysmall Microorganismsmultiplyrapidlyindirtyplacesandinwarmtemperatures Thismeansthatpeopleshouldnevertouchfoodwithdirtyhandsorputfoodonunwashedsurfaces