(词汇学)Word Meaning幻灯片

WordMeaning 1 Definition Meaningisanotioninsemanticsclassicallydefinedashavingtwocomponents reference anythinginthereferentialrealmdenotedbyawordorexpression andsense thesystemofparadigmaticandsyntagmaticrelationshipsbetweenalexicalunitandotherlexicalunitsinalanguage 2 TheEnglishlinguist EricPartridge says Wordshavenomeaning peoplehavemeaningforthem 词本无义 人赋予之 Isay Wordsarewords becausetheyaremeaningful 3 Acompleteword meaning 房子 form referent house 4 这个图形表示 第一 词有两个方向 形式 和 意义 概念 形式 指的是拼写 与此相对的是词的 意义 概念 也就是词的内容 每个词都有一定的形式和意义 这两方面缺一不可 第二 词义与所指对象连接在一起 一方面 词义在客观世界中是有所指的 另一方面 词义又是客观世界的某一 或某些 事物在语言中的反映 第三 在 语义三角 中 形式 和 所指对象 间不是实线 而是用虚线连接起来的 说明它们两者之间没有必然的直接关系 也就是说 house和之间没有必然联系 它们之间是约定俗成的 5 Whydowenamea house Thereisnowaytoexplain why However thereissomewaytoexplain house in Ithousesus or Wearehoused 6 So wordsmayhavetwonatures conventionality and motivation 7 NaturesofWordMeaning 8 1 Conventionality 约定俗成 MostEnglishwordsareconventional arbitrarysymbols consequently thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesymbolanditssense Thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsymbolhasthisorthatmeaning 9 2 Motivation 理据形成 Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenwordsymbolanditssense Fromthepointofviewofmotivation thegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsareconventional However thereisasmallgroupofwordsthatcanbedescribedasmotivated thatis adirectconnectionbetweenthesymbolanditssensecanbereallyobserved 10 Motivationcanariseinthreemajorways 1 Phoneticmotivation onomatopoeicwords 2 Morphologicalmotivation derivation compounding conversion 11 3 Semanticmotivation Semanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactors Itisakindofmentalassociation eg thelegofatable astonyheart Herfavoritedishissteak Hemanagestoearnbread 12 MainTypesofWordMeaningWordmeaningismadeupofvariouscomponentswhichareinterrelatedandinterdependent Thesecomponentsarecommonlydescribedastypesofmeaning Twomaintypesofwordmeaningaregrammaticalandlexical 13 1 Grammaticalmeaning 1 word class modern adj modernize v modernization n Howtousethem 2 Inlfectionalparadign 词形变化 cat catswrite writes wrote written writing 14 2 Lexicalmeaning 1 Denotativemeaning Itisthecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication eg chair 椅子mother 母亲man 男人woman 女人politician 政客blood 血液chicken 小鸡adult 成年人 15 2 Connotativemeaning eg chair 官位mother love care tendernessman 勇敢 强壮 责任心 大度woman 意志薄弱 爱流泪 多情善感 Anyway sheisawoman politician 欺诈 夸夸其谈blood 出身 亲情 民族 Bloodisthickerthanwater HehasCanadianblood chicken 懦弱 胆怯adult 责任 16 3 Socialmeaning Basedon thesocialrelationshipbetweenthespeakers theoccasion thesubjectmatter themodeofspeech etc eg What syourage 对求职者 你吃了吗 denotativemeaning connotativemeaning 17 4 Affectivemeaning a Interjections Oh Alas Ouch b Approvalanddisapproval mother scholar masterpiece career buzz gang boast workaholic etc c Bias slender skinny statesman politician famous notoriousproud arrogant 褒义 贬义 18 PolysemyandHomonymyAsawordisapurelyarbitraryandconventionalsymbolwithoutanyintrinsicconnectionwithwhatitrefersto itmaysometimeshappenthatmorethanonemeaningisattachedtoaword ortwoormorewordsmayhavethesameformbutbedifferentinmeaning TheformerisknownasPolysemy andthelatter Homonymy 19 1 Polysemy 一词多义 20 1 Definition Polysemyisatermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings IfyoulookatanyEnglishdictionary youwillknowhowfrequentPolysemyis One meaningwordsareveryrare Theyareoftenscientificterms oxygen monoxide moonwalk hepatitis penicillin etc ItmaybesaidthatPolysemyistheruleandMonosemyistheexception Themorecommonawordis themoremeaningsithas eg get do make take have etc Polysemyisalsoanessentialfeatureofalanguage seconomyandefficiency JustimaginewhataheavyburdenitwouldbeonourmemoryifithadnotbeenforPolysemy 21 2 ApproachesorprocessesleadingtoPolysemy a originalmeaning extendedmeaningpen 羽毛 笔 train 拖裙 火车 plane 刨子 飞机 bulb 球茎 电灯泡 crane 鹤 起重机 b generalmeaning specificmeaninglight 光 灯 turnonthelightgas 气体 煤气 turnonthegasfire 火 客厅里的炉火 22 c abstractmeaning concretemeaningbeauty Beautyisbutskindeep 美只是外表罢了 Intheeyesofthelover hisbelovedisabeauty success Hardworkleadstosuccess Heisagreatsuccess failure 同success d concretemeaning abstractmeaninghead 具体 头 抽象 头脑 Useyourhead eye 具体 眼睛 抽象 眼光 鉴赏力 Shehasaneyeforart nerve 具体 神经 抽象 勇气 力量 Didhehavethenervetosaythat 23 e literalmeaning figurativemeaninggardener 园丁 教师 beast 野兽 凶残的人 flaw 裂缝 缺点 cool 凉的 冷淡的 Achilles heel 阿基里斯的脚后跟 致命弱点 TheSwordofDamocles 达摩克利斯之剑 时刻存在的危险 crocodiletears 鳄鱼的眼泪 假慈悲 acid 酸性的 酸的 尖刻的 24 2 Homonymy 同形异义 25 1 Definition Homonymyiscommonlyusedtorefertothelinguisticphenomenonthatwordsareidenticalinpronunciation spelling orboth butdifferentinmeaning 26 2 TypesofHomonymy a perfecthomonyms Wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaningarecalledperfecthomonyms eg lie 躺 说谎 still 静止的 仍然 right 正确的 右边的 权利 bear 熊 忍耐 出生 pupil 瞳孔 小学生 sound 声音 健全的 测探 海峡 27 b homophones Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaningarecalledhomophones eg air 空气 heir 后嗣 继承人 bear 熊 忍耐 出生 bare 光秃的 hair 头发 hare 野兔 meet 遇见 mete 边界 meat 肉 right 正确的 右边的 write 写 wright 工人 28 c homographs Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaningarecalledhomographs eg lead li d v 领导lead led n 铅tear ti n 眼泪tear t v 撕开minute minit n 分钟minute mai nju t adj 微小的 29 SenseRelationsbetweenWordsWordsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotherelationshipsbetweentheirsenses Hence wewillgiveabriefaccountofthesemanticrelationsofsimilarity synonymy oppositeness antonymy andinclusion hyponymy 30 1 Synonymy 同义 1 Definition Synonyms 同义词 aretraditionallydefinedaswordsdifferinginsoundformbutidenticalorsimilarinmeaning Synonymsarebasedonthedenotativemeaning Ineverysynonymousgroupacommondenotativecomponentbringsthewordstogether SuchanagreementindenotationisthemostimportantcriterionofSynonymy 31 eg head chief boss leader 同义 但不是同义词 statesman politician 褒义 贬义 adult grown up 正式 口语 chap 英口 fellow 美口 guy 美俚 32 eg head chief boss leader 同义 但不是同义词 statesman politician 褒义 贬义 adult grown up 正式 口语 chap 英口 fellow 美口 guy 美俚 33 2 KindsofSynonymspletesynonyms word formation word buildingspirant fricative 摩擦音 malnutrition undernourishment 34 b relativesynonyms Degree small tiny minute microscopicanger rage fury indignationEffective small littleasmallboy alittleboy但 Poorlittleboy Poorsmallboy Shade refuse decline rejectrefusesb sb srequest refuseagift refusetodosth declineaninvitation rejectanappeal 驳回上诉 rejectabill 否决议案 35 Stylistic man neutral chap colloquial fellow colloquial guy slang Collocation pretty girl handsome boy aflockof birds acrowdof people aschoolof fish aswarmof bees Distribution living alivesleeping asleep 36 3 SourcesofSynonymsTheEnglishlanguageisnotedforitswealthofSynonyms TherichnessofEnglishinSynonymsislargelyduetothehappyminglingofLatin Frenchandnativeelements 37 38 39 4 SignificanceoftheAppropriateUseofSynonymsa toavoidrepetition 40 Weweregreatlysurprisedtoseesogreatacrowdofpeopleassembled evidentlyforsomegreatoccasion Oninquirywelearnedthatagreatmanwastoaddressthepeopleonasubjectofgreatinterest Thegreatsizeofthefield whichslopedlikeanamphitheater enabledthegreatcrowdtoheareverywordwithgreatease andalllistenedwithgreatattentiontothegreatthoughtspresented 该段略用了太多great 显得很重复 如果用同义词代替就能避免 41 Weweremuchsurprisedtoseesolargeacrowdofpeopleassembled evidentlyforsomeimportantoccasion Oninquirywelearnedthataeminentmanwastoaddressthepeopleonasubjectofspecialinterest Theamplesizeofthefield whichslopedlikeanamphitheater enabledthevastcrowdtoheareverywordwithperfectease andalllistenedwithutmostattentiontothenoblethoughtspresented 42 b toemphasize Therearetemporarysetbacksandreverses Toservethepeopleishishighestaimandobject Theyravedabouttheopportunitiesandchancesofdoingfineworkinthenewfactory Hisexplanationisclearandclean Whymustitbe Shoulditbe really Shechokedandstifled 43 2 Antonymy 1 Definition Antonymyisthestandardtechnicaltermforoppositenessofmeaningbetweenwords WordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareAntonyms 44 2 TypesofAntonymsa semanticcontrast a Contraries 相对性反义词 rich poorheavy lightdeep shallow 以上形容词是gradable rich richer richest fool wiseman n love hate v up down adv 45 b Complementaries 互补反义词 alive deadsingle marriedpresent absentmale femaleright left 以上形容词是nongradable 没有比较级和最高级 46 c Conversives 换位反义词 lend borrowtake bringimmigrate emigratehusband wifeemployer employeehire firehost guest 47 b morphologicalstructure a RootAntonyms 词根反义词 shallow deeplove hateup down以上a部分谈到的全部属于此种 48 b DerivationalAntonyms 派生反义词 happy unhappylike unlike dislike harmful harmlessadvantage disadvantage 49 3 SignificanceoftheApplicationofAntonymsCleverapplicationofAntonymswillimprovethelanguageeffectbymakingitcontrastive humorous etc 50 a showingastrikingcontrast firstandlast 总的来说 Morehaste lessspeed 欲速则不达 Nopains nogains Weshallsupportanyfriend opposeanyfoe Iftheyoffend weshalldefend 51 b formingoxymoron opensecretendlessminuteacleverfoolcruelkindnessanhonestlielivingdeath 52 3 Hyponymy 上下义关系 1 DefinitionofHyponymy Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter 53 2 Examples color Redblackwhiteyellowbrowngreyblue 54 55 3 SignificanceofHyponymya Usuallygeneraltermssufficeourpurpose eg Wewenttherelastyear 模糊语言 Itisclearenoughtotellsomeonewherewewent Wedonothavetodescribehowwegotthere b Specifictermscanbeusefullyemployedtomakeone sspeechorwritingmorevividandprecise 56 ChangesintheWordMeaning 57 Whenawordlosesitsoldmeaningandcomestorefertosomethingaltogetherdifferent theresultisachangeofwordmeaning Changesofmeaningisacommonplace andindeeditwouldappeartobefundamentalinlivinglanguage almosteverywordweusetodayhasaslightlydifferentmeaningfromtheoneithadacenturyago andacenturyagoithadaslightlydifferentmeaningfromtheoneithadacenturybeforethat 58 Someaningsofwordsarechanging Why Fivereasonsarenoticeable Historicalcause Socialcause Foreigninfluence PsychologicalcauseLinguisticcause 59 Meaningsofwordstendtochange Herewe lltalkaboutthefourtendenciesinsemanticchange 60 1 Restrictionofmeaning specialization 1 Definition Restrictionofmeaningmeansthatawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrower specializedsensewhichisapplicabletoonlyoneoftheobjectsithadpreviouslydenoted 61 2 TypesofRestriction a general specificbusiness allthings commercewife woman marriedwomancorpse body deadbody 62 b abstract concreteroom space aroombeauty nature abeautysuccess quality asuccessfailure quality afailure 63 monnames propernamesstate theStatescontinent theContinentcongress theCongresschina Chinasedan Sedan 64 monterms technicaltermsmemory 记忆 电脑 存储器soft 柔软的 语音学 浊音的 化学 易极化的 市场 疲软的 65 2 Extensionofmeaning generalization 1 Definition Extensionofmeaningmeansthewideningofaword ssenseuntilitcoversmuchmorethanwhatitoriginallyconveyed Restrictionisfarmorefrequentthanextension 66 2 Typesofextension a specific generalholiday religious holyday dayoffestivityorrecreationpipe musicalinstrument anythinglikethatsalary salt paymentjournal daily anymagazine 67 b concrete abstractthing place c propernames commonnamesnewton wat sandwich Shylock LeiFeng bible jack smithd technicalterms commontermsbudget 经济 预算 计划 安排catalyst 催化剂 促成因素immune 免疫的 不受影响的 68 3 Degenerationofmeaning pejoration 1 Definition Degenerationofmeaningisthefallingofwordmeaningintodisrepute foronereasonoranother 69 silly InoldEnglish itmeans blessedandhappy Sinceblessedpeopleareusuallythoseinnocentofevil thewordcametomean innocent inthe17thcentury Asinnocentpeopleareoftenthosewholivesimplelives itlatercametomean simple and simple minded whichisoftenassociatedwith lackofintelligence hencethemodernmeaningtheword silly becomes foolish Inthisway silly degeneratedfromatermofrespecttooneofcontempt 70 girl Thiswordisnoprobleminourdailylife Butwhenitcomestoared lightdistrict itmeans 71 4 Elevationofmeaning amelioration AprocessofawordmeaningtakingaturnforthebetterinthecourseoftimeisknownasElevation eg fond foolish 喜爱marshal horsetender 元帅job slang housework work 72 Wordmeaningischangingeveryday Forsomewords oldmeaningsaredyingwithnewmeaningscomingup Forothersoldmeaningsandnewmeaningsarebothinexistence 73 FigurativeMeaningofWords 74 Commonwordsarewordsconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife ThegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarecommonwords Theyarestylisticallyneutral butifweusethosewordsfiguratively wecanachievemanykindsofrhetoricaleffect Hereinthefollowingwe lltalkaboutsomefiguresofspeechformedbycommonwords 75 1 SimileSimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon Thecomparisonispurelyimaginative thatis theresemblancebetweenthetwounlikethingsinthatoneparticularaspectexistsonlyinourminds inour inwardeye andnotinthenatureofthethingsthemselves Tomakethecomparison wordssuchas like or as areusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother e g 76 1 MyheartislikeasingingbirdWhosenestisinawater dshoot Myheartislikeanapple treeWhoseboughsarebentwiththick setfruit 2 Mybrainwasaspowerfulasadynamo aspreciseasachemist sscales aspenetratingasascapel 77 3 asblackasjet asbusyasbees asclearascrystal ascoldasice aswhiteassnow asblueasthesky asdeafasstone aseasyasABCasfirmasarock asstrongasahorse asfreeastheair aspoorasachurchmouse asproudasapeacock asrichasaJew 78 2 MetaphorMetaphor likeSimile alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements butunlikeSimile thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated ItisahigherformofSimilewhichrequiresgreaterabilityonthepartofthereadertoperceivethehiddenassociation theinsightintopersons thingsorthatisimplied 79 1 Alltheworld sastage Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers 2 Hehasaheartofstone 3 Somebooksaretobetasted otherstobeswallowed andsomefewtobechewedanddigested 80 4 theheadofanarrow 箭头 thefaceofabuilding 建筑物的正面 themouthofariver 河口 theteethofasaw 锯齿 theeyeofaneedle 针眼 81 5 toape 模仿 todog 尾随 跟踪 tofox 欺骗 tosnail 缓行 toworm 像虫一样蠕动向前 82 3 MetonymyMetonymyisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother Thissubstitutednamemaybeanattributeofthatotherthingorbecloselyassociatedwithit Inotherwords itinvolvesa changeofname thesubstitutednamesuggestingthethingmeant Suitableapplicationofthisdevicecancausetheeffectofbeinghumorous ironicalandimplicit 83 ThereareseveralkindsofsubstitutioninMetonymy 1 Thesubstitutionof abstract for concrete Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshouldhaveagovernmentwithoutnewspapersornewspaperswithoutagovernment Ishouldnothesitatetopreferthelatter 2 Thesubstitutionof concrete for abstract Heexpressedhisphilosophyinletterstoafriend 84 3 Thesubstitutionof characteristic for person Greyhairshouldberespected 4 Thesubstitutionof awriter for hisworks IamreadingShakespeare 5 Thesubstitutionof thepart for thewhole Hedesertedtosavehishead hislife 85 6 Thesubstitutionof thewhole for thepart Austr